In eukaryotes, 21- to 24-nucleotide-long RNAs engage in sequence-specific interactions that inhibit gene expression by RNA silencing. This process has regulatory roles involving microRNAs and, in plants and insects, it also forms the basis of a defense mechanism directed by small interfering RNAs that derive from replicative or integrated viral genomes. We show that a cellular microRNA effectively restricts the accumulation of the retrovirus primate foamy virus type 1 (PFV-1) in human cells. PFV-1 also encodes a protein, Tas, that suppresses microRNA-directed functions in mammalian cells and displays cross-kingdom antisilencing activities. Therefore, through fortuitous recognition of foreign nucleic acids, cellular microRNAs have direct antiviral effects in addition to their regulatory functions.
The pre-T cell receptor (TCR) functions as a critical checkpoint during ␣ T cell development. Signaling through the pre-TCR controls the differentiation of immature CD4 ؊ CD8 ؊ CD25 ؉ CD44 ؊ [double-negative (DN)3] thymocytes into CD4 ؉ CD8 ؉ double-positive (DP) cells through the CD4 ؊ CD8 ؊ CD25 ؊ CD44 ؊ (DN4) stage. In addition, pre-TCR activity triggers expansion and survival of thymocytes and inhibits TCR gene rearrangement through a process referred to as allelic exclusion. Whereas many proteins involved in the pre-TCR transduction cascade have been identified, little is known about the nuclear factors associated with receptor function. Here, we use gene targeting to inactivate the Ets-1 transcription factor in mice and analyze pre-TCR function in developing Ets-1-deficient (Ets-1 ؊/؊ ) thymocytes. We find that inactivation of Ets-1 impairs the development of DN3 into DP thymocytes and induces an elevated rate of cell death in the DN4 subset. This defect appears specific to the ␣ lineage because ␥␦ T cells maturate efficiently. Finally, the percentage of thymocytes coexpressing two different TCR chains is increased in the Ets-1 ؊/؊ background and, in contrast with wild type, forced activation of pre-TCR signaling does not block endogenous TCR gene rearrangement. These data identify Ets-1 as a critical transcription factor for pre-TCR functioning and for allelic exclusion at the TCR locus. L ymphocytes develop from multipotent stem cells through a regulated sequence of events that controls the production of functional T, B, and natural killer cells (1). The great majority of immunocompetent T cells are generated in the thymus where their maturation can be followed by expression of specific cell-surface markers (2). The most immature thymocyte population is found within the double-negative (DN) subset of cells lacking the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors. DN cells are further subdivided into four consecutive populations; DN1 (CD44 ϩ CD25 Ϫ ), DN2 (CD44 ϩ CD25 ϩ ), DN3 (CD44 Ϫ CD25 ϩ ), and DN4 (CD44 Ϫ CD25 Ϫ ). As immature DN1 cells differentiate to the DN2 and DN3 stages, they begin to commit into the T cell lineage and start rearranging their T cell receptor (TCR) loci (3). In-frame rearrangement of the TCR gene allows the production of a -chain, which is expressed at the thymocyte cell surface within the pre-TCR (4). Expression of the pre-TCR activates a set of intracellular signaling pathways that allow a specific genetic program to be switched on (5-7). This program results in CD25 down-regulation, rescue of differentiating cells from apoptosis, and intense proliferation and progression to the double-positive (DP) stage (CD4 ϩ CD8 ϩ ). In addition, the function of the pre-TCR is essential to inhibit further rearrangements at the TCR locus, insuring that each T cell expresses a unique -chain through a process referred to as allelic exclusion. Thus, by modulating the transcription of specific genes, the pre-TCR signaling selects for DP thymocytes bearing a unique functional TCR chain through a process r...
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