Illuminants rich in blue light can protect against myopic eye growth when the eye is exposed to slow changes in luminance contrast as might occur with near work.

Despite a significant change in the central corneal clearance due to thinning of the fluid reservoir as the scleral lens settled (an average decrease of 83 μm after wearing the lenses for 6-8 h), there was not a statistically significant change in the subjective over-refraction (sphere, cylinder, and axis) or best sphere or visual acuity. This study has confirmed that there is no link between reduction in central corneal clearance and change in over-refraction for average corneas.

PurposeLongitudinal chromatic aberration can provide luminance and chromatic signals for emmetropization. A previous experiment examined the role of temporal sensitivity to luminance flicker in the emmetropization response. In the current experiment, we investigate the role of temporal sensitivity to color flicker.MethodsFive-day-old chicks were exposed to sinusoidal color modulation of blue/yellow (N = 73) or red/green LEDs (N = 84) at 80% contrast for 3 days. The modulation frequencies used were as follows: 0, 0.2, 1, 2, 5, and 10 Hz. There were 5 to 16 chicks per condition. Mean illumination was 680 lux. Changes in ocular components were measured using Lenstar, and refraction was measured with a Hartinger refractometer.ResultsEyes grew less when exposed to high temporal frequencies and more at low temporal frequencies. With blue/yellow modulation, the temporal variation was small; eyes grew 268 ± 15 μm at 0 Hz and 224 ± 12 μm at 10 Hz, representing a 16.4% growth reduction. With red/green modulation, eyes grew 336 ± 31 μm at 0 Hz and 218 ± 20 μm at 10 Hz, representing a 35% growth reduction. Choroidal and anterior chamber changes compensated for eye growth, reducing refractive effects; blue/yellow refraction changes ranged from −0.63 to 1.04 diopters.ConclusionsAt high temporal frequencies, color is not a factor, but at low temporal frequencies, red/green modulation produced maximal growth. The pattern of changes observed in each ocular component with changes in the temporal frequency and/or the color of the stimulus was consistent with the idea that the natural sunlight spectrum may be optimal for emmetropization.

Table of contentsO1 Changes in peripheral refraction associated with decreased ocular axial growth rate in marmosetsAlexandra Benavente-Perez, Ann Nour, Tobin Ansel, Kathleen Abarr, Luying Yan, Keisha Roden, David TroiloO2 PPARα activation suppresses myopia development by increasing scleral collagen synthesis--a new drug target to suppress myopia developmentChanyi Lu, Miaozhen Pan, Min Zheng, Jia Qu, Xiangtian ZhouO3 Evidence and possibilities for local ocular growth regulating signal pathwaysChristine F WildsoetO4 Myopia researches at Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityFan Lu, Xiangtian Zhou, Jie Chen, Jinhua Bao, Liang Hu, Qinmei Wang, Zibing Jin, Jia QuO5 Color, temporal contrast and myopiaFrances Rucker, Stephanie Britton, Stephan Hanowsky, Molly SpatcherO6 The impact of atropine usage on visual function and reading performance in myopic school children in TaiwanHui-Ying Kuo, Ching-Hsiu Ke, I-Hsin Kuo, Chien-Chun Peng, Han-Yin SunO7 Increased time outdoors prevents the onset of myopia: evidence from randomised clinical trialsIan G MorganO8 Environmental risk factors and gene-environment interactions for myopia in the ALSPAC cohortJeremy A. Guggenheim, Rupal L. Shah, Cathy WilliamsO9 Retinal metabolic profiling identifies declines in FP receptor-linked signaling as contributors to form-deprived myopic development in guinea pigsJinglei Yang, Peter S. Reinach, Sen Zhang, Miaozhen Pan, Wenfeng Sun, Bo Liu, Xiangtian ZhouO10 The study of peripheral refraction in moderate and high myopes after one month of wearing orthokeratology lensJun Jiang, Haoran Wu, Fan LuO11 Axial length of school children around the earth’s equatorial area and factors affecting the axial lengthKazuo Tsubota, Hiroko Ozawa, Hidemasa Torii, Shigemasa Takamizawa, Toshihide Kurihara, Kazuno NegishiO12 Processing of defocus in the chicken retina by retinal ganglion cellsKlaus Graef, Daniel Rathbun, Frank SchaeffelO13 Blue SAD light protects against form deprivation myopia in chickens, by local signaling within the retinaLadan Ghodsi, William K. StellO14 Contributions of ON and OFF pathways to emmetropization and form deprivation myopia in miceMachelle T. Pardue, Ranjay Chakraborty, Han na Park, Curran S. Sidhu, P. Michael IuvoneO15 Response of the human choroid to defocusMichael J CollinsO16 What can RNA sequencing tell us about myopic sclera?Nethrajeith Srinvasalu, Sally A McFadden, Paul N BairdO17 Overview of dopamine, retinal function, and myopiaP. Michael IuvoneO18 The eye as a "robust" optical system and myopiaPablo ArtalO19 Effect of discontinuation of orthokeratology lens wear on axial elongation in childrenPauline Cho, SW CheungO20 Myopia prevention in TaiwanPei-Chang WuO21 Alternatives to ultraviolet light and riboflavin for in vivo crosslinking of scleral collagenQuan V. Hoang, Sally A. McFaddenO22 Absence of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) alters normal refractive development in miceRanjay Chakraborty, Duk C. Lee, Erica G. Landis, Michael A. Bergen, Curran Sidhu, Samer Hattar, P. Michael Iuvone, Richa...

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