The rrlatioti betweeti accirrcicy a t i d distortioti of OIItohiogrcipliicol metiiory cotitetit w~is e.rcitiiitied by wrijjyitig 3,220 high school grcrdes recalled by 99 college stircletits. Accirrucy ofrecrill clcclitied tiiotiototiicolly witli letter grcide, from 89% for griitles of A to 29% for grcides of D. The positire correlatioti betweeti cicliievetiietit atid riccirrricy of recull is cittrihirted to more freqrretit relieurscils of ciffectively positive cotitetit arid to greciter ciccrrrcicy of rc~cotistrirctivc itlferetices Ixised oti horiiogetiearrs. generic tiiemories. Most errors itlJluted the verified grude, mid the degree of myttitnetty of the error clistrihirtioti is ~rsed (IS m i itide-x of the degree of distortioti. Distortiotis are attributed to recotistrirctiotis iti o positire, etiiotiotiully griitifyitig directioti. Cotitrriry to e.rpcctotioti, tlir percetitcige of cIccirrcite recall Litid the degree of mytiittictry o f the error distrihirtiriti were irticorrelaterl. This fitiditig itidiccrtes that tlie process of distortioti does riot ~I I I I S C fiirgettitig of the wridiceil cotitetit. Rotlier, distortioti reflects h i m iti rrcotistrrrctive itgeretices that occiir ciffer the veridical cotitetit lieis hiwi fiirgotteti for other recisotis.During the past century, memory research focused primarily on the loss of memory content over time. Systematic modifications of memory content were also investigated, but methodological problems made this research more difticult and less popular. Gestalt theorists were the first to investigate distortions of content (Wulf, 1922(Wulf, /1938, and the classic research of Bartlett (1932) inspired current reconstructive views of memory (Bransford & Franks, 1972; Neisser, 1981), including accounts of reconstructive bias (Ross, 1989).There is now abundant evidence that memory content can undergo systematic changes. Diverse paradigms have been developed to investigate changes that are either induced by experimental interventions, such as Loftus's (1975) modifications of eyewitness reports and Fischoff s (1975) hindsight effect, or induced by the subject, reflecting reconstructions of the autobiographical past in accord with current self-perceptions (Ross, 1989). However, integrative accounts of the circumstances that produce systematic distortion instead of unbiased forgetting and of the direction and degree of distortion associated with various situational and individual difference variables are still lacking.Koriat and Goldsmith (1994) advocate research emphasizing the differences between quantity-oriented (number correct) and accuracy-oriented (fidelity) approaches to memory assessment. The former approach characterizes traditional laboratory research on the amount of retention; the latter characterizes naturalistic investigations concerned with the degree of fidelity of Address correspondence to Harry P. Bahrick. Department of Psychology. Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH 43015.he recalled content relative to the objective content. The resent investigat...

Spanish language tests of 801 Cuban and Mexican immigrants showed no evidence of language loss during 50 years of U.S. residence; a few years after immigration, their English vocabulary approximated that of English monolinguals. The critical-age hypothesis was not supported for the acquisition of English vocabulary when English schooling and language usage were controlled by multiple regression. Most Ss continued to speak about as much Spanish as English; but read, wrote, and heard (on television and radio) far more English than Spanish. Under these conditions, Ss maintained Spanish dominance on tests of vocabulary recognition, lexical decision, and oral comprehension. Dominance was task specific and shifted to English on a category generation task about 12 years after immigration. No evidence of bilingual language interference was found; this is attributed to the strong Spanish foundation of the participants.

Language can be viewed as a complex set of cues that shape people's mental representations of situations. For example, people think of behavior described using imperfective aspect (i.e., what a person was doing) as a dynamic, unfolding sequence of actions, whereas the same behavior described using perfective aspect (i.e., what a person did) is perceived as a completed whole. A recent study found that aspect can also influence how we think about a person's intentions (Hart & Albarracín, 2011). Participants judged actions described in imperfective as being more intentional (d between 0.67 and 0.77) and they imagined these actions in more detail (d = 0.73). The fact that this finding has implications for legal decision making, coupled with the absence of other direct replication attempts, motivated this registered replication report (RRR). Multiple laboratories carried out 12 direct replication studies, including one MTurk study. A meta-analysis of these studies provides a precise estimate of the size of this effect free from publication bias. This RRR did not find that grammatical aspect affects intentionality (d between 0 and −0.24) or imagery (d = −0.08). We discuss possible explanations for the discrepancy between these results and those of the original study.

Olaparib (Lynparza [AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK], formerly referred to as AZD2281 or KU0059436) is an oral poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is rationally designed to act as a competitive inhibitor of NAD at the catalytic site of PARP1 and PARP2, both members of the PARP family of enzymes that are central to the repair of DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) mediated via the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Inhibition of the BER pathway by olaparib leads to the accumulation of unrepaired SSBs, which leads to the formation of deleterious double-strand breaks (DSBs). In cells with an intact homologous recombination (HR) pathway, these DSBs can be repaired effectively. However, in tumors with homologous recombination repair deficiencies, olaparib causes synthetic lethality through the combination of two molecular events that are otherwise nonlethal when occurring in isolation. Olaparib is already approved for the treatment of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer and a BRCA mutation, and it has been shown to provide clinically meaningful benefits among such patients. It has also shown promising activity in patients with metastatic breast or prostate cancer and a germline BRCA mutation. Besides its usage as a single agent, olaparib can also act either as a chemo- and/or radiosensitizer, due to its ability to potentiate the cytotoxic effects of these therapeutic agents. However, a clear patient benefit for the latter application has not been demonstrated yet.

Recall of general-knowledge targets remains remarkably high 9 days after a 5-s exposure, although these targets could not be recalled (marginal knowledge) or recognized (submarginal knowledge) just prior to exposure. Large amounts of educational content (e.g., foreign language vocabulary, mathematical formulas) become marginal or submarginal after formal study ends. The authors discuss the potential benefits of brief maintenance interventions designed to stabilize long-term access to such knowledge.