Genetic exchange within one Archaean lineage is a bit like sex in eukaryotes - cells fuse and huge segments of DNA are recombined - with consequences for the spread of adaptations across species.
Despite mitigation attempts, the trajectory of climate change remains on an accelerated path, with devastating health impacts. As a response to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change call for National Adaptation Plans, Peru has developed a national and decentralized regional adaptation plans. The purpose of this article is to understand the role and priority status of health within the adaptation planning and process. Peru was used as a case study to analyse the policy process in the creation of adaptation plans, encompassing the need to address climate change impacts on health with a particular focus on marginalized people. An actor, content and context policy analyses were conducted to analyse 17 out of 25 regional adaptation plans, which are available. The national adaptation plans (2002, 2015) do not include health as a priority or health adaptation strategies. In a decentralized health care system, regional plans demonstrate an increased improvement of complexity, systematization and structure over time (2009–17). In general, health has not been identified as a priority but as another area of impact. There is no cohesiveness between plans in format, content, planning and execution and only a limited consideration for marginalized populations. In conclusion, the regional departments of Peru stand on unequal footing regarding adapting the health sector to climate change. Findings in the strategies call into question how mitigation and adaption to climate change may be achieved. The lack of local research on health impacts due to climate change and a particular focus on marginalized people creates a policy vacuum. The Peruvian case study resembles global challenges to put health in the centre of national and regional adaptation plans. In-depth cross-country analysis is still missing but urgently needed to learn from other experiences.
Recent findings show that bacterial groups consisting of very close relatives, even within named bacterial species, speciate into smaller groups, ecotypes-a phylogenetic group of close relatives that are ecologically interchangeable. The members of an ecotype share genetic adaptations and each ecotype is ecologically distinct from one another (Wiedenbeck submitted). Environment can drive ecological adaptations of close relatives; however, despite their varying ecologies, and the adaptations that arise, many of these groups are traditionally considered to be one taxonomic species, as noted with many bacterial species. By applying ecotype theory to Bacillus subtilis we have been able to find evidence for close relatives of B. subtilis that differ in environmental adaptations, are ecologically distinct for each other, and are unique sequence clusters.In this study, we sampled from the rhizosphere of plants, free soil and varying elevations, to determine the groups that that differ in adaptations along these dimensions within the Bacillus subtilis clade within these environments. Members of B. subtilis are known to be plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which aid the growth of roots and stalks, along with defense against plant pathogens such as fungi and other bacteria. We hypothesize that B. subtilis samples will vary in their association with PGPR traits according to their origins, which are rhizosphere, free soil and varying elevations.vi Using the gyrA gene we created a maximum likelihood phylogeny in MEGA5 of isolates from Death Valley. Ecotypes demarcated by Ecotype Simulation were found to be biased in their habitats, with some putative ecotypes that are associated with free soil, and others with the rhizosphere, along with differences in elevations. In order to closely examine the habitat associations we conducted a series of experiments testing the PGPR traits some Bacillus strains are known to possess.These tests helped us determine whether the habitat associations predict differences in PGPR activity. In the PGPR abilities there have been differences not only among plant source, but also ecotype, showing differentiation, and adaptation to the rhizosphere, different plant root environments, and elevation, which could show adaptations to different climates.
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