[fre] Les fonctions de l'activité agricole relatives à la cohésion économique et sociale deviennent à part entière des éléments des politiques nationales et communautaires. Des enquêtes auprès des ménages ayant une activité agricole ont été réalisées dans plusieurs régions françaises. La diversité des formes d'exercice de l'activité agricole a été résumée sous forme d'une typologie et il est possible de préciser les diverses fonctions de l'activité agricole (économiques, d'intégration sociale, hédonistes) pour trois domaines distincts : vie professionnelle, vie personnelle et sociale, vie familiale et domestique. Cette analyse permet de mieux saisir les mécanismes par lesquels l'activité agricole contribue à la cohésion économique et sociale du monde rural ; elle fait aussi ressortir que les mesures de politique agricole ne sont adaptées qu'à une fraction des ménages ayant une activité agricole. [eng] Agricultural activity of rural households and economic and social cohesion . The functions of agricultural activity relating to economic and social cohesion are becoming fullyfledged components of national and eu policies. Surveys have been carried out in several French regions in households exercising an agricultural activity. The diversity of the forms of exercise of this activity was condensed into a typology. The various functions of household agricultural activity (economic functions, social integration functions, hedonistic functions) can be assigned in three major areas: professional life, personal and social life, family and domestic life. This analysis provides an insight into the mechanisms by which agricultural activity plays a role in the economic and social cohesion of rural society. It also highlights that agricultural policy measures are adapted to only a fraction of households having an agricultural activity.
Earthquake damage and loss scenarios are considered as a powerful tool to help in the design of efficient seismic mitigation policies. Moreover, at a city scale, adequate urban planning may significantly contribute to improve resilience through requalification of inherited urban fabrics and/or appropriate land use. In this perspective, the present paper investigates what could be the optimal graphic representation of probable losses at urban scale, which be most relevant for seismic risk management. The goal is to provide urban planners with guidelines on how to combine the use of vulnerability index-based damage estimates and GIS tools, to identify urban fabrics that need requalification. The proposed methodology consists in starting from damage estimates at the individual building scale, and using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) capacities to aggregate the expected damage on neighborhoods of increasing size, from blocks to large urban districts, in order to delimitate homogeneous urban zones. The criteria thus for choosing the optimal aggregation level are based on the need to obtain legible maps combining robust damage estimations -which implies statistics over a large enough number of buildings -, and a clear identification of the most vulnerable urban areas on which dedicated actions should be focused in priority.These methodologies are presented and tested on the example of the city of Oran (Algeria), and on the basis of a prior vulnerability study based on GNDT and RISK-UE vulnerability index approaches. The main outcome is the identification of different urban zones, which exhibit some homogeneity regarding both their average seismic response and their urban function. The most vulnerable urban fabrics require not only individual retrofitting measures at building scale; they also need urban requalification because it is more convenient to deal simultaneously with urban and safety considerations.
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