In this paper, the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in the form of Convolutional Neural Networks (AlexNET) for the fast and energy-efficient fitting of the Dynamic Memdiode Model (DMM) to the conduction characteristics of bipolar-type resistive switching (RS) devices is investigated. Despite an initial computationally intensive training phase the ANNs allow obtaining a mapping between the experimental Current-Voltage (I-V) curve and the corresponding DMM parameters without incurring a costly iterative process as typically considered in error minimization-based optimization algorithms. In order to demonstrate the fitting capabilities of the proposed approach, a complete set of I-Vs obtained from Y2O3-based RRAM devices, fabricated with different oxidation conditions and measured with different current compliances, is considered. In this way, in addition to the intrinsic RS variability, extrinsic variation is achieved by means of external factors (oxygen content and damage control during the set process). We show that the reported method provides a significant reduction of the fitting time (one order of magnitude), especially in the case of large data sets. This issue is crucial when the extraction of the model parameters and their statistical characterization are required.
In 2003, revelations about Fritz Fischer’s Nazi past caused surprise in Germany. To many commentators it appeared mysterious, if not suspicious, that an outspoken critic of German national history had changed his views so radically after 1945. This article explores Fischer’s socialization into the historical profession during the Third Reich and the legacy of this socialization after 1945. It points to significant continuities in the way Fischer positioned himself vis-a-vis the dominant historical traditions in Germany. The article demonstrates that embracing national socialist views provided Fischer with an opportunity to distinguish himself from the bourgeois-conservative mainstream that dominated late Weimar historiography. This disposition turned into a relatively stable professional identity. Although Fischer significantly altered his political views and his interpretation of German history after 1945, his postwar experiences only provided the historiographical ingredients for an already existing socio-cultural disposition. As a result, he developed a particular approach to the study of German history which was at odds with established views. The publication of Griff nach der Weltmacht in 1961 was thus not the beginning of his disagreements with his more conservative colleagues, but rather the culmination of a process which had already begun in the 1930s.
The anniversaries of the bombings of Dresden on 13 and 14 February 1945 have become key events in Germany's memory calendar. This article examines the role that local civil society agents have played in shaping, and changing, local memory culture in Dresden after 2005. It will explore how different memory agents interpreted the Dresden bombings, what significance for the present they attributed to them, what memory practices they adopted, and how these led to a significant transformation of local memory culture. I will argue that the years 2005 to 2016 saw two important shifts in local memory culture. First, the initiatives of local civil society activists, who aimed to resurrect ‘forgotten’ memories and advocated alternative memory practices, resulted in a more diverse and pluralist local memory landscape. A key dimension of this was the diversification of the meaning of victimhood that included, crucially, victims of Nazi persecution. Secondly, these years witnessed a reassessment of the meaning of the Dresden bombings and of the inherently political character of the annual commemoration, linking the legacy of the bombings unambiguously to the fight for tolerance and against right‐wing extremism.
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