Many biologically active peptide secondary metabolites of bacteria are produced by modular enzyme complexes, the non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. Substrate selection occurs through an adenylation (A) domain, which activates the cognate amino acid with high fidelity. The recently discovered A domain of an Anabaenopeptin synthetase from Planktothrix agardhii (ApnA A1) is capable of activating two chemically distinct amino acids (Arg and Tyr). Crystal structures of the A domain reveal how both substrates fit into to binding pocket of the enzyme. Analysis of the binding pocket led to the identification of three residues that are critical for substrate recognition. Systematic mutagenesis of these residues created A domains that were monospecific, or changed the substrate specificity to tryptophan. The non-natural amino acid 4-azidophenylalanine is also efficiently activated by a mutant A domain, thus enabling the production of diversified non-ribosomal peptides for bioorthogonal labeling.

The ability to detect and localize defined RNA strands inside living cells requires probes with high specificity, sensitivity, and signal-to-background ratio. To track low-abundant biomolecules, such as strands of regular mRNA, and distinguish fluorescence signal from the background after bioorthogonal reactions in cells, it is imperative to employ turn-on concepts. Here, we have presented a straightforward enzymatic approach to allow site-specific modification of two different positions on the 5' cap of eukaryotic mRNA with either identical or different small functional groups. The approach relies on two methyltransferases and analogues of their natural co-substrate, and it can be extended to a three-enzyme cascade reaction for their in situ production. Subsequent labeling by using bioorthogonal click reactions provided access to double labeling with identical fluorophores or dual labeling with two different reporter groups, as exemplified by a Cy5 dye, a FRET pair, and a fluorophore/biotin combination. Our dual-labeling strategy addresses the need for increased sensitivity and should improve the signal-to-background ratio after bioorthogonal reactions in cells.

The detection of the epigenetic DNA marker 5‐methylcytosine (5mC) has been the focus of intense research. Here, we report a new detection method, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy, and voltammetric measurements on gold electrodes. The direct, label‐free detection of 5mC at different positions within dsDNA is achieved with the aid of a monoclonal anti‐5mC antibody, providing a new tool to monitor nucleic acid modifications.

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