At present, the issue of the architectural space development from the point of view of ecology and green architecture seems to be relevant. Life in the city involves the active use of public spaces and the closest to man is a yard space. The yard is a space for rest, sports and communication between residents. The sustainable development of such spaces has a favourable impact on the entire city. The analysis of the interaction of green spaces on the urban environment shows the importance of the development of the nature in the city. This problem can be solved by greening yard spaces. The article presents the classification of typologies of yard spaces. The yard in the neighbourhood allows considering urban public space as a platform for favorable impact on the resident. The article also presents universal principles of greening public spaces based on analysis of world experience. The formation of yard spaces with the application of green principles is aimed at the development of a comfortable urban environment. Changing the ecology of the city through reorganization of yard spaces contributes to the development of a socially, environmentally, psychologically healthy person.
Growth of population affects the increase in demand for development of new areas. The article discusses current problems and trends in the development of vertical cities of the future. The last decade has seen the consolidation of the urban environment and the transition of urban planning from horizontal to vertical. The structure of future vertical cities minimizes land use and contributes to solving environmental problems and de-urbanization. The authors analyze the origin of «utopia» word and its meaning in the concepts of utopian cities since ancient times. The formation of a comfortable vertical city is a utopia aimed at turning it into the reality of the future. A general analysis of space-planning and architectural solutions of modern concepts helped to formulate the basic principles of creating a vertical city. The identified criteria of the architectural space will allow humanity to live in a comfortable environment, including the period of forced critical conditions. During the research, we presented a hypothesis of the emergence of vertical cities in the world and in Russia. The study can become the basis for forecasting the processes of urbanization and deurbanization, also as a concept creation for the development of a sustainable model of the future vertical city.
Architecture is characterized by a correction of design approaches that take into account new discoveries. Changing scientific paradigm also influences this process by introducing extra details into the architectural objects workflows. The synergistic paradigm that influences mostly appears in the tendency to create architecture that meets the ideal standards of sustainable design, capable design which is of self-development and self-regulation. A unique feature of the synergistic paradigm that can fundamentally change the approach to design is its relation to the evolutionary process. According to this concept, evolution in its path passes through points of bifuciation – special states of instability – when possible ways of further development are clear and it becomes possible for us to choose and follow one of them. This approach takes into account changing data and corrects decisions during the process. This is especially relevant when designing architectural objects for harsh climate conditions, as additional difficulties may arise in the process of construction and operation, and the unexpectedly arising issues, which may unanticipated arise itself during the usage of the object and can have a disastrous effects on it.
Modern tourist trends are directed towards the undeveloped lands of the suburbs and rural areas, where, along with the agricultural and industrial orientation, the historical, architectural and natural landscape potential is preserved. To attract the tourist flow to the territory, routes are formed that allow identifying the historical significance and presenting this place taking into account ethnic, architectural, artistic and landscape features. Novosheshminsky region of the Republic of Tatarstan has a significant historical and cultural potential, is rich in natural resources, and flourishes in agriculture and horse breeding. For the sustainable development of the territory, it is proposed to form a tourist route that combines the key points of attracting tourists using the features of the tourist infrastructure. General logical methods-the analogy of domestic and foreign experience in organizing routes in rural areas, induction and observation, the theoretical method-historical and socio-cultural analysis of the Novosheshma region-revealed significant aspects in the organization of tourist infrastructure and methods of their correct use in these conditions. The result of the study was the creation of a tourist route on the territory of the Novosheshminsky region, followed by a proposal for the classification of tourist infrastructure objects necessary for its full functioning.
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