Linear logical frameworks with subexponentials have been used for the specification of among other systems, proof systems, concurrent programming languages and linear authorization logics. In these frameworks, subexponentials can be configured to allow or not for the application of the contraction and weakening rules while the exchange rule can always be applied. This means that formulae in such frameworks can only be organized as sets and multisets of formulae not being possible to organize formulae as lists of formulae. This paper investigates the proof theory of linear logic proof systems in the non-commutative variant. These systems can disallow the application of exchange rule on some subexponentials. We investigate conditions for when cut-elimination is admissible in the presence of non-commutative subexponentials, investigating the interaction of the exchange rule with local and non-local contraction rules. We also obtain some new undecidability and decidability results on non-commutative linear logic with subexponentials.

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Adding multi-modalities (called subexponentials) to linear logic enhances its power as a logical framework, which has been extensively used in the specification of e.g. proof systems, programming languages and bigraphs. Initially, subexponentials allowed for classical, linear, affine or relevant behaviors. Recently, this framework was enhanced so to allow for commutativity as well. In this work, we close the cycle by considering associativity. We show that the resulting system ($$\mathsf {acLL}_\varSigma $$ acLL Σ ) admits the (multi)cut rule, and we prove two undecidability results for fragments/variations of $$\mathsf {acLL}_\varSigma $$ acLL Σ .