Aim The purpose of this review is to describe the use and definitions of the concepts of nurse-patient interaction and nurse-patient communication in nursing literature. Furthermore, empirical findings of nurse-patient communication research will be presented, and applied theories will be shown. Method An integrative literature search was executed. The total number of relevant citations found was 97. The search results were reviewed, and key points were extracted in a standardized form. Extracts were then qualitatively summarized according to relevant aspects and categories for the review. Results The relation of interaction and communication is not clearly defined in nursing literature. Often the terms are used interchangeably or synonymously, and a clear theoretical definition is avoided or rather implicit. Symbolic interactionism and classic sender-receiver models were by far the most referred to models. Compared to the use of theories of adjacent sciences, the use of original nursing theories related to communication is rather infrequent. The articles that try to clarify the relation of both concepts see communication as a special or subtype of interaction.The main intention of communication and interaction in the health setting is to influence the patient's health status or state of well-being. Identified important structural factors of communication were: role allocation, different use of language and registers, and the nursing setting. The process of communication is often described with a phase model; communication often happens during other interventions and tasks. In general, influencing factors can be organized into the categories of provider variables, patient variables, environmental and situational variables. Conclusion The included citations all conclude that communication skills can be learned to a certain degree. Involvement of patients and their role in communication often is neglected by authors. Considering the mutual nature of communication, patients' share in conversation should be taken more into consideration than it has been until now. Nursing science has to integrate its own theories of nursing care with theories of communication and interaction from other scientific disciplines like sociology.

Control with an iron hand: A broad range of ketimines underwent enantioselective hydrogenation in the presence of a chiral Brønsted catalyst and a well‐defined nonchiral iron catalyst (see scheme). This procedure constitutes an attractive and environmentally favorable alternative to well‐established asymmetric hydrogenation reactions with precious‐metal catalysts.

Chiral amines find numerous applications in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Notable examples of established drugs and their areas of application include Zoloft (depression), Cinacalcet (secondary hyperparathyroidism), Flomax (prostate), and Rivastigmine (Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease) as well as the chiral herbicide Metolachlor (Scheme 1). The most direct and efficient synthesis of chiral amines is the asymmetric reduction of ketimines, an apparently simple but still challenging transformation.[1] Although in the last decades impressive advances have been made based on various transition-metal catalysts [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] and also organocatalysts, [10] the development of cost-efficient, environmentally benign catalysts for this transformation is still desirable. In this respect, iron-based catalysts are highly attractive candidates [11,12] owing to the abundant availability of the central metal and the relatively few investigations in the past.Recently, significant progress has been achieved in ironcatalyzed enantioselective hydrosilylations [13] and transfer hydrogenations [14] of ketones to give the corresponding chiral alcohols. However, related asymmetric reductions of imines have remained an unexplored area so far. Herein, we report the first highly efficient iron-catalyzed asymmetric reduction of imines.Morris and co-workers recently reported the synthesis of the well-defined catalyst [Fe(CO)(NCMe){(S,S)-cyP 2 N 2 }]-(BF 4 ) 2 (11; Scheme 2) and similar chiral iron complexes.[14c]Remarkably, these complexes give excellent results in the transfer hydrogenation of ketones and could be also successfully applied in the transfer hydrogenation of N-benzylideneaniline (Ph À CH = NPh). Unfortunately, no desired reaction occurred with prochiral N-(1-phenylethylidene)aniline (Ph À CMe = NPh).[14c] Inspired by this seminal work and based on our own experience in transfer hydrogenations, we started Scheme 1. Selected chiral amines that are used as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.Scheme 2. Structures of chiral ligands and iron complexes for asymmetric transfer hydrogenations.

BackgroundTo assess the quality of life of people with dementia, measures are required for self-rating by the person with dementia, and for proxy rating by others. The Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s Disease scale (QoL-AD) is available in two versions, QoL-AD-SR (self-rating) and QoL-AD-PR (proxy rating).The aim of our study was to analyse the inter-rater agreement between self- and proxy ratings, in terms of both the total score and the items, including an analysis specific to care setting, and to identify factors associated with this agreement.MethodsCross-sectional QoL-AD data from the 7th Framework European RightTimePlaceCare study were analysed. A total of 1330 cases were included: n = 854 receiving home care and n = 476 receiving institutional long-term nursing care. The proxy raters were informal carers (home care) and best-informed professional carers (institutional long-term nursing care).Inter-rater agreement was investigated using Bland-Altman plots for the QoL-AD total score and by weighted kappa statistics for single items. Associations were investigated by regression analysis.ResultsThe overall QoL-AD assessment of those with dementia revealed a mean value of 33.2 points, and the proxy ratings revealed a mean value of 29.8 points.The Bland-Altman plots revealed a poor agreement between self- and proxy ratings for the overall sample and for both care settings. With one exception (item ‘Marriage’ weighted kappa 0.26), the weighted kappa values for the single QoL-AD items were below 0.20, indicating poor agreement.Home care setting, dementia-related behavioural and psychological symptoms, and the functional status of the person with dementia, along with the caregiver burden, were associated with the level of agreement. Only the home care setting was associated with an increase larger than the predefined acceptable difference between self- and proxy ratings.ConclusionsProxy quality of life ratings from professional and informal carers appear to be lower than the self-ratings of those with dementia.QoL-AD-SR and QoL-AD-PR are therefore not interchangeable, as the inter-rater agreement differs distinctly. Thus, a proxy rating should be judged as a complementary perspective for a self-assessment of quality of life by those with dementia, rather than as a valid substitute.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12955-018-0959-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Objective To derive a comprehensive list of nursing‐sensitive patient outcomes (NSPOs) from published research on nurse staffing levels and from expert opinion. Data Sources/Study Setting Published literature reviews and their primary studies analyzing the link between nurse staffing levels and NSPOs and interviews with 16 experts on nursing care. Study Design Umbrella review and expert interviews. Data Collection/Extraction Methods We screened three electronic databases for literature reviews on the association between nurse staffing levels and NSPOs. After screening 430 potentially relevant records, we included 15 literature reviews, derived a list of 22 unique NSPOs from them, and ranked these in a systematic fashion according to the strength of evidence existing for their association with nurse staffing. We extended this list of NSPOs based on data from expert interviews. Principal Findings Of the 22 NSPOs discussed in the 15 included literature reviews, we rated the strength of evidence for four as high, for five as moderate, and for 13 outcomes as low. Four additional NSPOs that have not been considered in literature were identified through expert interviews. Conclusions We identified strong evidence for a significant association between nurse staffing levels and NSPOs. Our results may guide researchers in selecting NSPOs they might wish to prioritize in future studies. In particular, rarely studied NSPOs as well as NSPOs that were only identified through expert interviews but have not been considered in literature so far should be subject to further research.