Modern cities are supported by many IT systems managed by distinct public and private agents. Such legacy systems are often incompatible since, in general, they use old, dependent and nonstandardised technologies. This results in an environment in which there is no interoperability among smart city systems, preventing richer and more interesting applications to be used by citizens, companies, and city administration. An alternative to solve the lack of interoperability is the adoption of a System-of-Systems (SoS) approach. A SoS is a set of independent and heterogeneous constituent systems that interoperate to accomplish a global mission. The collaboration among such constituent systems enables a SoS to offer new functionalities that cannot be provided by any of these systems working as individual entities. The goal of this paper is to propose SoS-centric middleware services to support the management and execution of SoS in Smart Cities environments in a dynamic, transparent and scalable way. The proposed services, once integrated into a smart city platform, support interoperability among different systems operating in a city. Moreover, this paper also presents a motivational case study to make it clear the issues that must be addressed when multiple independent systems are brought together to provide a new Smart City service or application.
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Blockchain has been widely used to store decentralized and secure transactions involving cryptocurrency (for instance, Bitcoin and Ethereum solutions). On the other hand, Smart City applications are concerned about how data and services can be safely stored and shared. In this regard, this research investigates the use of Blockchain in the Smart Cities scenario. Based on that, a platform named Orthus was proposed to support Blockchain in Smart City initiatives focused on scalability. This work presents a case study about how to use the proposed platform in the Natal Smart City Initiative in Brazil to handle land registration. Moreover, it also compares this platform with other implementations that use Blockchain in different domains. Finally, this research confirms that the use of blockchain technology has much to contribute to Smart City solutions once it enables the creation of solutions in distributed networks to meet the demand of the entire population.
Often saying "thank you" is not enough to thank the people who, at the most difficult times of our lives, reached out and offered us help without expecting anything in return. To those people who somehow contributed directly or indirectly to me writing these words, I leave my most sincere thanks. You were very important for me to get here.In this way, I thank God first for allowing all of this to come true. I am grateful to Him for giving me perseverance, strength, health and intelligence to overcome all difficulties and get to where I am today.To my friends and family, especially my brother Gabriel Loss and my aunts Denise Momo and Mariangela Momo for always being supportive and helping me at all times. To my father Mario Loss, for trusting me and supporting me in life's moments.To the Postgraduate Program in Systems and Computation (PPGSC) and the Department of Informatics and Applied Mathematics (DIMAp) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) for all their support and for providing an enabling environment for the development of my project search.I also thank my fellow students of PPGSC for exchanging ideas and mutual help.
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