Sperm motility, a feature essential for fertilization, is influenced by intracellular pH (pH) homeostasis. Several mechanisms are involved in pH regulation, among which sodium-hydrogen exchangers (NHEs), a family of integral transmembrane proteins that catalyze the exchange of Na for H across lipid bilayers. A preliminary characterization of NHE activity and kinetic parameters, followed by analysis of the expression and localization of the protein in ram spermatozoa was performed. NHE activity showed an apparent for external Na of 17.61 mM. Immunoblotting revealed a molecular mass of 85 kDa. Immunolocalization pattern showed some species-specific aspects, such as positive labeling at the equatorial region of the sperm head. Cariporide, a selective NHE1 inhibitor, significantly reduced pH recovery (85%). Similarly, exposure to cariporide significantly inhibited different motility parameters, including those related to sperm capacitation. fertilization (IVF) was not affected by cariporide, possibly due to the non-dramatic, although significant, drop in motility and velocity parameters or due to prolonged exposure during IVF, which may have caused progressive loss of its inhibitory effect. In conclusion, this is the first study documenting, in a large animal model (sheep) of well-known translational relevance, a direct functional role of NHE on sperm pH and motility. The postulated specificity of cariporide toward isoform 1 of the Na/H exchanger seems to suggest that NHE1 may contribute to the observed effects on sperm cell functionality.

Our results clearly demonstrate that in U937 monocyte cells MED1101 acts as a P2×7R antagonist through the induction of receptor internalisation and subsequent inhibition of down-stream signal transduction pathways that regulate monocyte migration/transmigration, thus playing a potential therapeutic role in inflammatory diseases.