Nuclei can be described satisfactorily in a nonlinear chiral SU(3)-framework, even with standard potentials of the linear $\sigma$-model. The condensate value of the strange scalar meson is found to be important for the properties of nuclei even without adding hyperons. By neglecting terms which couple the strange to the nonstrange condensate one can reduce the model to a Walecka model structure embedded in SU(3). We discuss inherent problems with chiral SU(3) models regarding hyperon optical potentials.Comment: 25 pages, RevTe

There are two competing concepts in the literature for the integration of high shares of renewable energy: the coupling of electricity to other energy sectors, such as transport and heating, and the reinforcement of continent-wide transmission networks. In this paper both cross-sector and cross-border integration are considered in the model PyPSA-Eur-Sec-30, the first open, spatiallyresolved, temporally-resolved and sector-coupled energy model of Europe. Using a simplified network with one node per country, the cost-optimal system is calculated for a 95% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions compared to 1990, incorporating electricity, transport and heat demand. Flexibility from battery electric vehicles (BEV), power-to-gas units (P2G) and long-term thermal energy storage (LTES) make a significant contribution to the smoothing of variability from wind and solar and to the reduction of total system costs. The cost-minimising integration of BEV pairs well with the daily variations of solar power, while P2G and LTES balance the synoptic and seasonal variations of demand and renewables. In all scenarios, an expansion of cross-border transmission reduces system costs, but the more tightly the energy sectors are coupled, the weaker the benefit of transmission reinforcement becomes. (T. Brown) fuels such as hydrogen and methane (so called 'electrofuels'), or thermally [16]. Long-term storage can smooth out both the seasonal variations of renewables and the synoptic variations (∼ 3-10 days in the time dimension).Modelling all energy sectors in high spatial and temporal detail is computationally demanding. In order to maintain computational tractability, previous sector coupling studies have either focused on just a few demand sectors, or sacrificed spatial or temporal resolution.Studies of a few sectors have either considered just electricity and heat, electricity and transport, or electricity and gas. For example, in [17,18] the possibility of using excess renewable electricity in the heating sector was considered, but no requirements were set to defossilise all heating, or to couple to other demand sectors. In another set of studies, a simplified investment and dispatch scheme was used for a one-node-per-country model of Europe to study electricity-heat coupling [19]. Interactions between the electricity sector and transport were studied for electric vehicles in [20][21][22] and including fuel cell electric vehicles in [23,24]. More general coupling of electricity to gas for use in either heating or transport was considered in [25,26].Studies that include multiple sectors, often encompassing all energy usage, but that sacrifice spatial resolution have typically either considered single countries (e.g. Germany [27][28][29][30], , Ireland [34,35]) or considered the whole continent of Europe without any spatial differentiation [36] so that

Bioluminescence is a phenomenon that has fascinated mankind for centuries. Today the phenomenon and its sibling, chemiluminescence, have impacted society with a number of useful applications in fields like analytical chemistry and medicine, just to mention two. In this review, a molecular-orbital perspective is adopted to explain the chemistry behind chemiexcitation in both chemi- and bioluminescence. First, the uncatalyzed thermal dissociation of 1,2-dioxetane is presented and analyzed to explain, for example, the preference for triplet excited product states and increased yield with larger nonreactive substituents. The catalyzed fragmentation reaction and related details are then exemplified with substituted 1,2-dioxetanone species. In particular, the preference for singlet excited product states in that case is explained. The review also examines the diversity of specific solutions both in Nature and in artificial systems and the difficulties in identifying the emitting species and unraveling the color modulation process. The related subject of excited-state chemistry without light absorption is finally discussed. The content of this review should be an inspiration to human design of new molecular systems expressing unique light-emitting properties. An appendix describing the state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical methods used to study the phenomena serves as a complement.

Merging binaries of neutron stars are not only strong sources of gravitational waves, but also have the potential of revealing states of matter at densities and temperatures not accessible in laboratories. A crucial and longstanding question in this context is whether quarks are deconfined as a result of the dramatic increase in density and temperature following the merger. We present the first fully general-relativistic simulations of merging neutron stars including quarks at finite temperatures that can be switched off consistently in the equation of state. Within our approach, we can determine clearly what signatures a quark-hadron phase transition would leave in the gravitational-wave signal. We show that if after the merger the conditions are met for a phase transition to take place at several times nuclear saturation density, they would lead to a post-merger signal considerably different from the one expected from the inspiral, that can only probe the hadronic part of the equations of state, and to an anticipated collapse of the merged object. We also show that the phase transition leads to a very hot and dense quark core that, when it collapses to a black hole, produces a ringdown signal different from the hadronic one. Finally, in analogy with what is done in heavy-ion collisions, we use the evolution of the temperature and density in the merger remnant to illustrate the properties of the phase transition in a QCD phase diagram. PACS numbers: 04.25.Dm, 04.25.dk, 04.30.Db, 04.40.Dg, 95.30.Lz, 95.30.Sf, 97.60.Jd 97.60.Lf 26.60Kp 26.60Dd arXiv:1807.03684v2 [astro-ph.HE]

We calculate the lower moments of the deep-inelastic structure functions of the and the meson on the lattice. Of particular interest to us are the spin-dependent structure functions of the . The calculations are done with Wilson fermions and for three values of the quark mass, so that we can perform an extrapolation to the chiral limit. ͓S0556-2821͑97͒04315-4͔PACS number͑s͒: 12.38. Gc, 13.88.ϩe, 14.40.Aq, 14.40.Cswhere ϭp•q, and r , s , t , u are kinematical tensors ͓7͔ constructed from the momentum transfer q and the polarization vector ⑀. The latter satisfies ⑀•pϭ0, ⑀ 2 ϭϪm 2 , and s ϭ Ϫiwith m being the hadron mass. Here ⑀ is the completely antisymmetric tensor with ⑀ 0123 ϭϪ1. The structure functions F 1 , F 2 , g 1 , and g 2 play the same role as for a spin-1 2 target. In the parton model, the structure PHYSICAL

To reach ambitious European CO 2 emission reduction targets, most scenarios of future European electricity systems rely on large shares of wind and solar photovoltaic power generation. We interpolate between two concepts for balancing the variability of these renewable sources: balancing at continental scales using the transmission grid and balancing locally with storage. This interpolation is done by systematically restricting transmission capacities from the optimum level to zero. We run techno-economic cost optimizations for the capacity investment and dispatch of wind, solar, hydroelectricity, natural gas power generation and transmission, as well as storage options such as pumped-hydro, battery, and hydrogen storage. The simulations assume a 95% CO 2 emission reduction compared to 1990, and are run over a full historical year of weather and electricity demand for 30 European countries. In the cost-optimal system with high levels of transmission expansion, energy generation is dominated by wind (65%) and hydro (15%), with average system costs comparable to today's system. Restricting transmission shifts the balance in favour of solar and storage, driving up costs by a third. As the restriction is relaxed, 85% of the cost benefits of the optimal grid expansion can be captured already with only 44% of the transmission volume.

The medium modification of kaon and antikaon masses, compatible with low energy KN scattering data, are studied in a chiral SU(3) model. The mutual interactions with baryons in hot hadronic matter and the effects from the baryonic Dirac sea on the K(K) masses are examined.The in-medium masses from the chiral SU(3) effective model are compared to those from chiral perturbation theory. Furthermore, the influence of these in-medium effects on kaon rapidity distributions and transverse energy spectra as well as the K,K flow pattern in heavy-ion collision experiments at 1.5 to 2 A·GeV are investigated within the HSD transport approach. Detailed predictions on the transverse momentum and rapidity dependence of directed flow v 1 and the elliptic flow v 2 are provided for Ni+Ni at 1.93 A·GeV within the various models, that can be used to determine the in-medium K ± properties from the experimental side in the near future.

A hadronic chiral SU(3) model is applied to neutron and protoYneutron stars, taking into account trapped neutrinos, finite temperature, and entropy. The transition to the chirally restored phase is studied, and global properties of the stars such as minimum and maximum masses and radii are calculated for different cases. In addition, the effects of rotation on neutron star masses are included, and the conservation of baryon number and angular momentum determines the maximum frequencies of rotation during the cooling.