Gaining information about structural and functional features of newly identified proteins is often a difficult task. This information is crucial for understanding sequence–structure–function relationships of target proteins and, thus, essential in comprehending the mechanisms and dynamics of the molecular systems of interest. Using protein energy profiles is a novel approach that can contribute in addressing such problems. An energy profile corresponds to the sequence of energy values that are derived from a coarse-grained energy model. Energy profiles can be computed from protein structures or predicted from sequences. As shown, correspondences and dissimilarities in energy profiles can be applied for investigations of protein mechanics and dynamics. We developed eProS (energy profile suite, freely available at http://bioservices.hs-mittweida.de/Epros/), a database that provides ∼76 000 pre-calculated energy profiles as well as a toolbox for addressing numerous problems of structure biology. Energy profiles can be browsed, visualized, calculated from an uploaded structure or predicted from sequence. Furthermore, it is possible to align energy profiles of interest or compare them with all entries in the eProS database to identify significantly similar energy profiles and, thus, possibly relevant structural and functional relationships. Additionally, annotations and cross-links from numerous sources provide a broad view of potential biological correspondences.
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At one time the raw water naturally available influenced the development of typical regional beer styles. With the development of reliable and efficient water treatment technologies, breweries became independent of the local raw water quality. The proliferation of large breweries is still closely linked to progress in water treatment. The prevailing question is always how to best condition the raw water for the different purposes within the brewery in the most efficient way. The raw water starting points are very different and can range from well water, to surface water, to municipal water, and in some cases to more exotic water sources such as rain or even treated wastewater. The impact of different water ions on the brewing process is discussed, with a special focus on technological requirements, as well as microbiology and corrosion issues. The requirements of divergent water types commonly used for brewing, dilution, service and boiler feed water, and available treatment steps based on examples of large-sized plants are discussed, including traditional methods such as lime softening and ion exchange, as well as more recent treatment systems. Membrane technology is highlighted, as it has had a great impact on treatment technology. Following the success story of reverse osmosis, and more recently developed ultrafiltration, there is now more focus on special applications such as the substitution of lime saturators to produce clear lime water with membranes. This requires higher performance and robustness of the membranes. Finally, some future challenges for water treatment in breweries are outlined.
Abstract. Proteins are macromolecules that facilitate virtually every biological process. Information on functional and structural characteristics of proteins is invaluable in life sciences, but remain difficult to obtain, both computationally and experimentally.In recent work, we have introduced a novel method for functional characterization, which we refer to as protein energy profiling. The eProS (energy profile suite) is an online knowledgebase, toolbox and database that provides a webspace for protein energy profile analyses to the scientific community. The objective of eProS is to offer a free-for-all repository of energy profile data, annotations, visualizations, as well as tools that can aid in deducing relations complementing and supporting findings made by traditional bioinformatics methods.In this paper, we discuss the underlying biological and theoretical backgrounds used by implemented methods and tools, and also introduce recent enhancements and developments. eProS is available at http://bioservices.hs-mittweida.de/Epros.
The potential of the most recent membrane technology is still unaccounted for in many respects. Combining fermentation with up-to-date membrane technology building a membrane bioreactor allows the adjustment of the cell count on a high level, increasing yield per volume and time. Applied to beer manufacturing, main fermentation times of less than 20 h seem possible, avoiding the disadvantages of already known accelerated fermentation processes operated on a continuous basis. Although module design was adapted and backwash procedure altered to gas-jet, maintaining a sufficient membrane flux over time still poses a major problem. Nevertheless, preliminary results in respect of beer quality look promising.
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