A perfect dielectric model was incorporated into the OpenFOAM? software and used for investigation and, possibly, improvements of electrohydrodynamic calculations. Two different sets of numerical simulations were analyzed, in which two different fluids were present. The first set was one-dimensional, while in the second, a drop of one fluid was surrounded by the other fluid. It is shown that oscillations and possible artificial generation of a curl of the electric field strength can be observed at applying certain expressions or calculation strategies, which can be thus abandoned. Usage of dynamic meshes, at least those present in the used software, and of limiters for the gradient of the electric field strength can lead to large numerical errors. It is also shown that usage of certain cell face values could improve the results. An electric Courant number was derived by dimensional analysis, and it could be suggested for future calculations. Conclusions made in this paper are expected to be transferable to other more complicated models.

Soil samples from Mojkovac, Montenegro, were analyzed by standard gamma-spectrometry for radioactivity due to 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs. Average activity concentrations have been found to be 28.6, 43.1, 620.8, and 55 Bq/kg, respectively. In order to evaluate the radiation hazard, radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose, external and internal hazard indexes, and the annual gonadal dose equivalent were determined and found to be at an average of 133.79 Bq/kg, 65.18 nGy/h, 79.93 mSv/y, 0.37, 0.45, and 0.46 mSv/y, respectively. With life expectancy taken to be 70 years, a mean lifetime outdoor gamma radiation was calculated as 5.6 mSv, yielding a lifetime cancer risk of 2.8×10-4

SažetakUvod: Membrana stetoskopa predstavlja pogodnu sredinu za preživljavanje bakterija i kontaminira se prilikom pregleda pacijenata. Ukoliko se ne dezinfikuje, može predstavljati izvor infekcije i doprineti razvoju bolničkih infekcija.Cilj: Cilj ovog rada je ustanoviti učestalost kontaminacije membrana stetoskopa, identifikovati prisutne mikroorganizme, ispitati njihovu osetljivost na antimikrobne lekove i utvrdi da li postoji razlika u kontaminaciji membrana stetoskopa u zavisnosti od redovnosti čišćenja u univerzitetskim klinikama u Beogradu, Benhi i Barseloni.Materijal i metode: Brisevi membrana stetoskopa su uzeti od 147 lekara zaposlenih u jednoj od tri univerzitetske klinike u Beogradu, Benhi ili Barseloni. Lekari su anketirani o navikama održavanja stetoskopa. Materijal je zasejan i inkubiran u dekstrozni bujon i na krvni agar. Nakon porasta kolonija identifikovane su na osnovu kulturelnih, mikroskopskih i biohemijskih osobina i upotrebom MALDI-TOF. Osetljivost na antimikrobne lekove ispitana je disk difuzionim metodom.Rezultati: Samo 12 lekara svoje stetoskope dezinfikuje nakon pregleda svakog pacijenta. 122 uzorka su bila kontaminirana, 25 sterilna (1 iz Beograda i 24 iz Benhe). Ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u stepenu kontaminacije stetoskopa i redovnosti čišćenja (p > 0,05). Stetoskopi u Benhi su statistički značajno manje kontaminirani (p < 0,05). Izolovane bakterije pripadaju rodovima Staphylococcus (125 sojeva), Streptococcus (7 sojeva), Bacillus (5 sojeva), Corynebacterium (13 sojeva), Acinetobacter (2 soja), Proteus (2 soja), Enterococcus (1 soj) i Pseudomonas (1 soj). Rezistencija na meticilin koagulaza negativnih stafilokoka iznosi 37,1% u Beogradu, a u Benhi 95,2%. Izolovana su 4 soja Staphylococcus aureus, 3 su bila rezistentna na meticilin.Zaključak: Dezinfekciju membrane stetoskopa bi trebalo sprovoditi posle pregleda svakog pacijenta i neophodna je edukacija lekara o njenom značaju.

Central venous cannulation is usually performed via the internal jugular vein (IJV) or subclavian vein (SclV) using the Seldinger technique. The puncture of the SclV can be achieved supraclavicular which was described by Yoffa in 1965. The original approach by Yoffa is based on anatomical landmarks. Ventriculoatrial (VA) shunts in patients suffering from hydrocephalus are becoming more common. It is the procedure of choice in patients with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt complications. We present a case of a female patient with a complex cervical venous anatomy and an obscure inaccessible right internal jugular vein (IJV). Subsequently, we decided to use an ultrasound guided supraclavicular approach to the right subclavian vein for implantation of a VA shunt.

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