Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction analysis and starch‐gel electrophoresis of the CK‐A2 locus product, we examined genetic variation in 311 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from 11 native, 5 hatchery‐derived, and 8 hybrid populations in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Native southern Appalachian fish were genetically distinct from hatchery‐derived fish. Southern and hatchery‐derived fish were reliably distinguished based on three mtDNA restriction sites. Native southern haplotypes differed from hatchery‐derived haplotypes by an average of 0.84%. Northern hatchery‐derived haplotypes varied little in mtDNA compared to native southern haplotypes. Introgression of mtDNA haplotypes and the CK‐A2 locus varied among populations, and introgression of allozyme and mtDNA markers was positively correlated. Continued introductions of nonnative strains of brook trout in the southern Appalachians could simplify the genetic structure of native brook trout populations and eliminate unique genotypes.

Starch gel electrophoresis was used to examine the protein products of 34 presumptive loci in nine populations of brook trout Salvelinusfontinalis from Great Smoky Mountains National Park and in two brook trout hatchery strains that were derived from northeastern U.S. populations and used extensively for stocking in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Five of the streams sampled had not been stocked and presumably contained only native brook trout. Three other streams contained native populations but also had been stocked, and the remaining stream originally was devoid of natives and presumably contained only introduced brook trout. Mean genetic similarity was high among the native populations (7 = 0.985 ± 0.017 SE) and among the hatcheryderived populations (7 = 0.986 ± 0.003). Mean genetic similarity between the native populations and hatchery stocks was 0.906 ± 0.024. These results are consistent with previous studies suggesting that native brook trout in the southeastern United States are taxonomically distinct from northeastern brook trout. Genotypes at diagnostic loci demonstrate that introgressive hybridization has occurred between hatchery and native trout in all three stocked populations. Average individual heterozygosity was lowest in the native populations (/)Q -0.025), highest in the hatchery stocks (//o = 0.112), and intermediate in the stocked populations (H Q = 0.053).

With 2 figures in the text)The distribution of hats on five Galapagos islands was assessed using ultrasonic detectors that can identify the feeding calls of different bat species. Red bats (Lrrsiurus bruchyotis) were present on Santa Cruz and San Cristobal. Hoary bats (L. cinereus) were present on Santa Cruz, San Cristobal, Isabela, Floreana and Santiago. Species identifications were confirmed by recordings of bat calls, observations of flying bats, and the capture of 21 red bats and three hoary bats. There was no evidence of other species of bats on the Galapagos. Body size measurements were similar to those o f South American red (L. horeulis) and hoary (L. c. villo imus) bats. Species status of L. hruchyotis is not supported by morphological data. Both species were active in lowland and highland habitats, and foraging activity was high around street lights. Radio telemetry was used to locate day roosts and the nightly activity areas of four red bats in lowland areas of Santa Cruz. During the day, these bats roosted singly in the foliage o f nine species of plant. Nightly activity areas were 10 to 20 ha in size. The activity areas of individuals overlapped, and included their known day roost sites. Both bat species were apparently more active in lowland habitats during the cool garua season, and less active in lowland habitats during the hot season. Female red bats were more abundant in lowland habitats during the cool season than were male red bats. Mesic, upland habitat may he critical to the survival of bats in the Galapagos.

The range of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in the southern Appalachian Mountains has been greatly reduced by environmental disturbance and introduction of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta. In addition, hatchery‐reared brook trout originating from northern populations have been widely stocked in the region's streams. To an undetermined extent northern brook trout have established themselves or interbred with the genetically distinct native Southern Appalachian strain. Genetic analyses have been performed on a portion of North Carolina's wild brook trout populations to identify those of unaltered native origin. However, information for many streams is lacking, and an assessment of the relative abundance or rarity of genetically unaltered native populations cannot yet be made. The objective of this project was to determine the phylogenetic origin of brook trout in 23 streams within the Pigeon River system, Haywood County, North Carolina. Fish were collected by electroshocking, and muscle tissue samples were obtained by nonlethal biopsy. The samples were analyzed by cellulose acetate gel protein electrophoresis for loci encoding creatine kinase and up to five additional enzymes. Allele frequencies for these enzymes indicated that 15 of the populations were of unaltered native Southern Appalachian origin, 2 were of hatchery‐derived northern origin, and 6 were of mixed genetic origin. This information has been incorporated into a North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission trout species distribution database used in refining stream and fisheries management policies.