IICaracterísticas morfogênicas do capim-piatã submetido à adubação com efluentes de abatedouro avícola

RESUMO Em virtude da grande demanda por proteína de origem animal, tem-se aumentado a produção de frangos de corte e consequentemente a geração de resíduos provenientes do abate de aves, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de técnicas que permitam o aproveitamento e reciclagem desses materiais. Objetivou-se com a execução deste trabalho avaliar a efi ciência da compostagem no

-The objective was to evaluate the differences between distinct types of litter material and their combinations in the dynamics of degradation on the organic matter fractions and the quality of the final compound. The treatments were established according to material used as substrate for broiler litter: treatment 1 -rice husks; 2 -sugar cane bagasse; 3 -wood shavings; 4 -wood shavings + sugar cane bagasse; 5 -rice husks + sugar cane bagasse; and 6 -Napier grass.The following variables were monitored: temperature, levels of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), mass and volume of the pile, fibrous fraction, and levels and reductions of N, P and K during the process. Piles formed with Napier grass and sugar cane bagasse presented the highest average temperatures during composting. The greater average reductions in TS and VS were attained in piles with sugar cane bagasse (68.12 and 73.07%, for TS and VS, respectively). The reductions of greatest volume occurred in piles with sugar cane bagasse (52.08%), followed by Napier grass (50.56%). Poultry litters composed of rice husks and wood shavings presented 13.21 and 10.23% of lignin, respectively, which contributed to the lower degradation of fibrous fraction and degradability. Substrates with lower lignin content were those with greatest organic matter degradation rate and had reduced losses of N levels during the process. Composting performance is affected by the initial substrate used to compose the poultry litter.

No abstract

Anaerobic digestion of broiler slaughterhouse wastewaterThe objective of this study was to evaluate the process of anaerobic digestion treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater, considering hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 7, 14 and 21 days, plus the addition of lipolytic enzyme to the substrates at concentrations of 0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 g L -1 charge added to the digesters. The influence of HRT and the addition of lipolytic enzyme to the substrates was evaluated by biogas production and CH 4 production potentials for COD (chemical oxygen demand) added and removed as well as by reductions in the levels of COD, concentrations of N, P and K and pH values. The results showed that there was influence of HRT (HRT 7 Biodigestão anaeróbia de efluente de abatedouro avícola* Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o processo de biodigestão anaeróbia no tratamento de efluentes de abatedouro avícola, considerando-se os TRH de 7, 14 e 21 dias, além da adição de enzima lipolítica aos substratos, nas concentrações de 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 g L -1 de carga adicionada aos biodigestores. A influência dos TRH e da adição de enzima lipolítica aos substratos foi avaliada por meio das produções de biogás e CH 4 , dos potenciais de produção por DQO, adicionada e removida, bem como pelas reduções dos teores de DQO, concentrações de N, P e K e dos valores de pH. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que houve influência dos TRH (em que o TRH 7 expressou os melhores resultados, para produção semanal média de biogás, com 40,7 L, e CH 4, com 32,2 L) e das concentrações de enzimas, com maiores valores de produção para os tratamentos 1,0 (24,6 L) e 1,5 g L -1 (26,2 L), que não diferiram entre si. As concentrações de enzimas de 1,0 e 1,5 g L -1 apresentaram maiores potenciais de produção de biogás (1,1 e 1,1 L g -1 de DQO adicionada, respectivamente) e metano (0,9 e 0,8 L g 1 de DQO adicionada, respectivamente), quando comparadas com as da 0,5 g L -1 (0,8 e 0,7 L g -1 biogás e CH 4, respectivamente) e 0 (0,7 e 0,5 L g -1 biogás e CH 4, respectivamente). As maiores remoções de DQO foram alcançadas nas concentrações de 0,5 g L -1 (83,3%) e TRH de 21 dias (74,4%). Contudo, para que haja maior eficiência na reciclagem energética, recomenda-se a utilização de concentrações de 1,0 g L -1 de efluente e tempo de retenção hidráulica de 7 dias. Palavras-chave:Biofertilizante, demanda química de oxigênio, efluente de abatedouro avícola, metano.

-The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of different levels of biofertilizers from cattle and swine manure on the structural, morphogenetic and productive characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized factorial design with split plots. The plots were defined by eight treatments: two biofertilizers (cattle and swine), four levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N.ha -1 ) and subplots by four different cutting periods. The cutting for plant uniformity was performed at 45 days after sowing at 15 cm above the soil surface.The biofertilizeres were applied in a single level, after the cutting of plants, in rates of 0, 0.23 and 0.19, 0.45 and 0.38, 0.68 and 0.57 liters pot -1 for the biofertilizers from cattle and swine manure, respectively. These rates were also equivalent to levels of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N.ha -1 . There was no significant difference between the types of biofertilizers as there was no interaction between them and the different levels, hence both biofertilizers could be applied without any loss of nutrient intake by the plants used in this experiment. There was a significant difference between the production of green and dry matter, the leaf appearance rate, phyllochron, leaf and pseudostem elongation rates, number of green leaves, final leaf length, number and weight of tillers, according to the increase of nitrogen rates, following linear prediction model. Effect of the cutting periods was also observed, once the plants harvested during the summer presented greater performance of structural and morphogenetic characteristics.

RESUMO A adubação orgânica pode ser uma alternativa viável na produção de gramíneas forrageiras, no entanto poucas são as informações referentes às doses e à composição dos principais adubos orgânicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi verifi car a infl uência das diferentes doses de composto orgânico produzido com dois de uniformização, nas quantidades de: 11,36 e 11,83, 22,73 e 23,67, 34,09 e 35,50g vaso -1 ABSTRACT The organic fertilizer can be a viable alternative in the production of forage grasses, however there is little information regarding doses and composition of the major organic fertilizers. The aim of this paper was to verify the infl uence of the different doses of organic compost produced from two types of poultry litter on the structural, morphogenetic and productive characteristics of 11,36 and 11,83, 22,73 and 23,67, 34,09 and 35,50 g pot -1 for the poultry litter based in sugar cane and napier grass, respectively which are equivalent to the rates of 0, 100, 200 and 300kg ha -1

4RESUMO -O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho da co-digestão anaeróbia de dejetos de suínos associados com crescentes doses de glicerina bruta, adotando-se diferentes tempos de retenção hidráulica (TRH). O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x4, três TRH (10; 17 e 24 dias) e quatro doses de glicerina bruta (0; 5; 10 e 15% dos sólidos totais), com quatro repetições por tratamento. Os parâmetros avaliados foram produção e potencial de produção de biogás, reduções de sólidos totais (ST), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). A produção de biogás e potencial de produção apresentaram efeito quadrático nos TRH de 17 e 24 dias, evidenciando como doses ideais 4,09 e 5,63% de glicerina bruta, respectivamente, para produção e 4,52 e 5,42% de glicerina bruta para potencial de produção. Não houve diferença entre as doses de glicerina bruta dentro do TRH de 10 dias para as reduções de ST. No entanto, foi observado diferença entre as doses nos TRH 17 e 24, com a maior redução observada de 54,9% ao incluir 5% de glicerina bruta no maior TRH. As reduções de FDN e FDA aumentaram de acordo com a adição de glicerina bruta nos TRHs de 10 e 17 dias. A inclusão de 4 a 6% de glicerina bruta no TRH 24 mostrou-se mais eficiente na produção de biogás e reduções de ST e FDN. Já visando maior redução de FDA pode-se utilizar doses mais altas de glicerina a partir da co-digestão com dejetos suínos.Palavras-chave: Biodiesel. Resíduos. Suinocultura. Tempo de retenção hidráulica.ABSTRACT -The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the anaerobic co-digestion of pig manure associated with increasing doses of crude glycerine, adopting different periods of hydraulic retention time (HRT). A completely randomised design was used in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, three HRT (10, 17 and 24 days) and four doses of crude glycerine (0, 5, 10 and 15% of the total solids), with four replications per treatment. The parameters to be evaluated were biogas production and potential production, reduction in total solids (TS), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). Biogas production and potential production displayed a quadratic effect for an HRT of 17 and 24 days, showing the doses of 4.09% and 5.63% crude glycerine to be respectively optimal for production, and 4.52% and 5.42% crude glycerine for production potential. There was no difference between the doses of crude glycerine at the HRT of 10 days for reductions in TS. However, a difference was seen between doses at HRT 17 and 24, with the greatest reduction of 54.9% being found when including 5% of crude glycerine at the greatest HRT. The reductions in NDF and ADF were greater with the addition of crude glycerine for an HRT of 10 and 17 days. The inclusion of 4% -6% crude glycerine at HRT 24 was more efficient in the production of biogas and reducing TS and NDF. With a view to a greater reduction in ADF, higher doses of glycerine can be used in the co-digestion of pig manure.