A group of smokers and a group of non-smokers were the participants in this study. The groups were matched by age and gingival health. Oral polymorphonnclear leukocytes (PMN) were harvested from the subjects by saline mouth rinses. These PMN were tested for their ability to phagocytize latex spheres and to exclude trypan blue. Tests were performed for smokers and non-smokers on three consecutive days, with identical procedures except that every participant smoked one cigarette on the second day immediately prior to cell collection, PMN harvested from the oral cavities of smokers were less vital as measured with the dye exclusion test and were less able to phagocytize particles on each experimental day. Smoking one cigarette immediately prior to cell collection resulted in a further decrease of these parameters for both smokers and non-smokers,,
Periodontal disease is more prevalent and more severe in diabetic than in nondiabetic individuals but the magnitude of this increase is still being debated. This prospective, cross‐sectional study compared the periodontal status of 118 diabetic men and 115 age‐matched non‐diabetic men. Plaque and gingival indices, bleeding scores, probing depth, losa of attachment, and number of missing teeth were measured in a blinded manner. Smoking status, glycemic control, socioeconomic status, and previous dental care were also assessed. These parameters were significantly higher in diabetic than non‐diabetic men: plaque index, P < 0.0001; gingival index, P < 0.0002; bleeding score, P < 0.0001; probing depth, P = 0.0059; loss of attachment, P < 0.0001; and missing teeth, P < 0.005. These parameters were significantly higher in smokers than non‐smokers: gingival index, probing depth, and loss of attachment. The duration of diabetes was not significantly related to the periodontal measures. Glycemic control as assessed by fasting plasma glucose and glycohemoglobin values was not significantly correlated to periodontal status. These studies indicate, for this study group, that diabetes significantly affects all measured parameters of periodontal status. J Periodontol 1996;67:1185–1192.
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