Summary Strong reactions with complete anti‐D sera can be demonstrated with D positive bloods provided that the C factor is not available to suppress the reactivity of D when it is either in the cis or trans position. Aside from the so‐called deletion types the only common genotype satisfying these conditions ‐ DcE/DcE (R2R2) ‐ gives distinctly stronger reactions with complete anti‐D sera suggestive of dosage effects. On the basis of the Ceppellini effect, it is assumed that in the homozygote DCe/DCe (R1R1) there is a two‐way suppression of D since each D is in trans position to C. The possibility of an alternative explanation i.e., suppression of D by C in the cis position is still to be considered. Résumé Les hématies D positives donnent de fortes réactions avec les anti‐corps anti‐D complets, à condition qu'elles ne contiennent pas d'antigène C, puisque celui‐ci, en position cis ou trans, inhibe la réactivité de D. Sauf les types de sang de donneurs avec chromosomes «tronqués», le seul génotype assez fréquent qui remplît ces conditions, soit cDE/cDE (= R2R2), donne des réactions nettement plus fortes avec l'anti‐D complet, ce qui suggère un effet de dosage de D. II est permis de supposer, en se basant sur l'effet décrit par Ceppellini, que chez les homozygotes CDe/CDe (= R1R1) il se produit une inhibition double de D, puisque chaque D est en position trans à chaque C. La possibilité qu'il y ait inhibition de D par C en cis ne peut pas, cependant, être entièrement ignorée. Zusammenfassung D‐positive Blutproben, bei denen der Faktor C fehlt und daher den Faktor D weder in cis‐ noch in trans‐Stellung zu hemmen vermag, zeigen mit kompletten Anti‐D‐Seren kräftige Reaktionen. Dementsprechend zeigen ‐ abgesehen von den sogenannten Deletionstypen ‐ DcE/DcE (R2R2)‐Blutproben mit kompletten Anti‐D‐Seren deutlich stärkere Reaktionen als die übrigen Rh‐Genotypen. Auf Grund des Ceppelini‐Effektes ist anzunehmen, daß bei DCe/DCe (R1R1)‐Bluten eine doppelte Schwächung des D‐Faktors vorliegt, da beide D‐Gene in trans‐Stellung zu den C‐Genen liegen. Immerhin ist die Möglichkeit einer Schwächung des D‐Faktors durch C‐Faktoren, die genetisch in cis‐Stellung liegen, nicht ohne weiteres auszuschließen.
Discussion and Summary The unexpected findings of an N or N‐like factor in horse red cells as revealed in tests with extracts of Vicia graminea and the presence of the corresponding anti‐M as a naturally occurring antibody serve as another example of the Landsteiner rule of reciprocal relationship of agglutinogen on the erythrocyte and corresponding reciprocal antibody in the serum. Still another illustration of the Landsteiner de was shown by Celano, Levine and Lunge in the case of rhesus blood [l]. Rhesus sera contain anti‐A and the presence of the expected B or B‐like factor in rhesus red cells could be shown by their capacity to yield eluates of anti‐B specificity after exposure to human anti‐B. Prior to this the presence of B‐like material had been shown only in monkey saliva. Other examples in human blood are the regular occurrences of anti‐H in the serum of the Bombay type of blood, Oh [S], and the presence of anti‐Tja in all individuals of type TjbTjb [3]. The elution technique serves as an additional powerful tool in recognizing instances of the original Landsteiner rule of reciprocal relationship between the presence of antigens on the red cell and the corresponding reciprocal antibody in the serum. Without the elution technique it was necessary to depend upon the study of secretions of the ABO antigens. In the case of man in whom about 20% are non‐secretors, an uncertainty in individual cases may arise. The ready response of the two horses in producing more anti‐M was to be expected once the naturally occurring anti‐M was demonstrated. Reagents are now available to test for the presence of N or N‐like factor in the red cells of donkey and mule ‐ the product of horse and donkey cross ‐ and other species related to the horse as well as those related to the pig and goat. It is to be expected that systematic studies of these red cells with a variety of anti‐N reagents including that found in extracts of Vicia graminea and other seed extracts (Mähelä) [6] may reveal findings of evolutionary significance. Résumé A l'aide d'extraits de vicía graminea les auteurs purent démontrer dans les érythrocytes de chevaux un agglutinogène semblable au facteur N. IIs entreprirent à la suite de rechercher dans le sérum de tels chevaux la présence d'agglutinines naturelles anti‐M, ce qui réussit. En immunisant les animaux avec des érythrocytes humains OM, ils purent sensiblemeat rehausser le titre des anticorps anti‐M. Les érythrocytes de Macacus rhésus contiennent un agglutinogène semblable au facteur M. Cependant, dans le sérum de ces animaux il ne se trouve point d'anti‐N naturel. A la suite d'injections de globules humains et equins de groupe N, de faibles agglutinines anti‐N firent leur apparition. Zusammenfassung Nachdem es gelungen war, mit Hilfe von Vicia graminea Extrakten in Pferdeerythrozyten ein N‐ähdiches Blutgruppenantigen nachzuweisen, war es naheliegend, entsprechend der Landsteiner'schen Regel Pferdeseren auf den Gehalt an Anti‐M‐Antikörpern zu untersuchen. Tatsachlich gelang es, in den Seren jener Pferde,...
Numerous papers have appeared dealing with weaker forms of the A factor, some of which have been termed A(4), A(5), A(x), and A0. This subject was studied by Gammelgaard 8 and briefly reviewed by Duns- ford and Bowley^2 and more recently by Race^10. In some of the weaker forms such as A(0), the agglutinogen A is more distinctly agglutinated by the anti-A of group O serum than by the anti-A of group B serum. In unpublished experiments in these laboratories with bloods belonging to this category, it was possible to demonstrate the A factor more readily by their capacity to yield eluates after contact with potent anti-A. In some of these cases, these eluates were just as potent or more potent than those obtained from the more strongly reacting Ax blood. Studies on two additional bloods of subtype A(0) will be given below. With the aid of eluates it was also possible to confirm the presence of a very weak agglutinogen B in members of a mating of A(1)B(w) x O (Levine, Celano, and Griset ^9). In all cases of this sort the presence of the A or B factors was confirmed by demonstrating the corresponding substance in the saliva if the individual was of the secretor type. Thus, in the B(w) family referred to above, two were secretors and three were nonsecretors of the B substance. Recently Wiener and Gordon ^12 studied the blood of an individual whose red cells behaved like group O because it failed to react with a number of potent anti-A and anti-B sera and an unspecified number of group O sera. The presence in the serum of anti-B but no anti-A and the capacity of the saliva to inhibit anti-A led the authors to conclude that the agglutinogen A must have been present in the red cells in spite of negative agglutination reactions. Because of a parallel state of affairs existing in some monkey red cells, serum and body fluids, Wiener and Gordon used the term A(m) (“m” for monkey) to characterize the particular human blood which they studied. In the case of the gorilla characterized by presumably O red cells and only anti-A in the serum, B soluble substance was shown to be present in the submaxillary gland. Thus, Wiener, Candela, and Goss ^11 believe this observation to be in accordance with the Landsteiner rule of reciprocal relationships of antigens in the red cells and antibodies in the serum. In the case of the black spider monkey (ateles ater), the red cells and serum could be characterized as 0, anti-B, and as expected, high concentrations of A substance were found in the saliva. No attempt, however, was made either in the human or in monkey bloods to establish the presence of antigens in the red cells with the aid of eluates from anti-A or anti B, as indicated. Wiener and Gordon would have had no basis whatever for assuming the presence of the A factor in the red cells if the individual happened to be a nonsecretor. In that event, the blood would have to be classified as group 0 with anti-B but no anti-A.
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