an online international journal allowing free unlimited access to abstract and full-text of published articles. The journal is devoted to the promotion of health sciences and related disciplines (including medicine, pharmacy, nursing, biotechnology, cell and molecular biology, and related engineering fields). It seeks particularly (but not exclusively) to encourage multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, the industry and the healthcare professionals. It will also provide an international forum for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and findings in health sciences and related disciplines. The journal welcomes original research papers, reviews and case reports on current topics of special interest and relevance. All manuscripts will be subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication) will be published without delay. The maximum length of manuscripts should normally be 10,000 words (20 single-spaced typewritten pages) for review, 6,000 words for research articles, 3,000 for technical notes, case reports, commentaries and short communications. Submission of Manuscript:The International Journal of Health Research uses a journal management software to allow authors track the changes to their submission. All manuscripts must be in MS Word and in English and should be submitted online at http://www.ijhr.org. Authors who do not want to submit online or cannot submit online should send their manuscript by e-mail attachment (in single file) to the editorial office below. Submission of a manuscript is an indication that the content has not been published or under consideration for publication elsewhere. Authors may submit the names of expert reviewers or those they do not want to review their papers. Abstract PURPOSE: To establish the reference ranges of some biochemical parameters for adult Kenyan population. Enquiries METHODS:In a prospective involving 1100 healthy blood donors (age: 18-55 yr) in Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya reference ranges of some biochemical analytes were constructed by using the parametric methods to estimate 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of distribution. RESULTS:The reference ranges of the analytes were: alanine aminotransferase ( . Age differences in the established reference ranges were observed in ALT, ALB, CREAT, ALP and UA in males and in ALT, ALB, and CREAT in females. Gender differences were observed in ALT, AST, ALB, CREAT and UA in the 18-28 yr old, ALT, AST, ALB, SOD and UA in 29-39 yr old and AST, ALB, and UA in 40-50 yr old. CONCLUSION: Age and sex specific reference ranges of some biochemical parameters were established some of which were different from those reported in literature. There therefore the need for each clinical chemistry laboratory to establish its own ranges.

Background:Clinical Laboratory testing is a highly complex process that entails numerous procedures. Although it has been known that laboratory testing services are safe, it is increasingly becoming a common knowledge that they are not that safe. Studies have indicated that there are a number of errors that occur due to laboratory testing processes. These errors may not be realized easily during the testing process, but they make significant impact on the results given. Aims and Objective: To determine the levels of pre-analytical, analytical, and post analytical errors found in the analysis of Clinical chemistry Laboratory specimen. Materials and Methods: A prospective and Descriptive study was carried out at Clinical Chemistry a total of 346 request forms, specimens/samples and dispatched results were scrutinized and errors documented as per the different variables in the different phases, over a period of three months and the findings were analyzed. Results: Results of the study showed that Preanalytical errors were most common with a frequency of 148(42.8%), followed by analytical errors 114 (32.9%) and post analytical errors 84 (24.3%), respectively. Conclusions:The study concludes that pre-analytical, analytical, and post analytical errors are errors that compromise the quality of laboratory service delivery, which impacts on the patient management and diagnosis. Clinical laboratory errors can be minimized if due diligence and professionalism is adhered in the laboratory. The major mistakes in laboratory diagnostics arise during patient preparation, sample collection, sample preparation and sample storage. Most of these errors are due to the initial procedures of the testing process carried out by the healthcare personnel outside the laboratory walls and outside the direct control of the Clinical laboratory. A laboratory error is defined as a defect occurring at any part of the laboratory cycle, from ordering tests to reporting results and appropriately interpreting and reacting in these. According to these concepts, some practical considerations should be made in order to reduce errors in laboratory medicine and improve patient safety. 1 MATERIAL AND METHODSA total of 346 request forms, specimens/samples and dispatch of results were scrutinized and errors documented as per the different variables in the different phases, over a period of three months prospective study at the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory. RESULTSThe study findings indicate that the pre-analytical phase of the Clinical laboratory testing process had 148 errors which were 42.8% of the total number of errors captured during the study period. 74.3% (110) of the pre-analytical errors were attributed to: request forms lacking address (40, 27.0%); test not done in biochemistry lab (24, 16.2%); specimen drawn in wrong tube (20, 13.5%); specimen without request forms (10, 6.8%); unlabeled specimen (8, 5.4%); and inadequate/insufficient sample after centrifugation (8, 5.4%). The remaining 25.7% (38) of the pre-analytical phase errors are associate...

Reference interval limits for cancer biomarkers in geriatrics are rare because priority is given to the development of reference interval limits for those in the age range of 18–60 years, which are normally used for clinical trials study. The aim of this study was therefore to develop gender and age-specific reference interval limits for cancer markers CA19-9, CEA, CA 15-3, CA 125, and PSA for adults and geriatrics in Taita-Taveta County, Kenya, using the CLSI CA28-A3 guideline. This prospective cross-sectional study involved 244 healthy referents, including 124 females and 120 males of ages 50–95, between May 2015 and December 2017 at the Department of Clinical Chemistry of Moi Subcounty Hospital, Voi, Kenya. Serum CA 19-9, CEA, CA 15-3, CA 125, and PSA of the 244 referents were measured using a well-calibrated, quality controlled Clinical Chemistry AutoAnalyzer. Gender differences in the measured values of the biomarkers were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test, while age differences were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test followed by the Mann-Whitney U test with an adjusted significant ρ-value of less than 0.0167. Reference interval limits for the measured cancer biomarkers were expressed in terms of medians and ranged between 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. The established 95% reference interval limits were: 0-58 U/mL males and 0-42.8 U/mL females for CA 19–9, 0–7 ng/mL for CEA, 0-56.9 U/mL for CA 15–3, 0–25 ng/mL for CA 125, and 0–6.8 ng/mL for PSA. Gender-related biomarker values were developed for CA 19-9 adults and geriatrics (60–70 years), CEA for geriatrics (60–70 years), and CA 15-3 for adults. Age-related biomarker values were developed for CA 19–9 males and not for females. In conclusion, gender-related 95% reference interval limits were developed for CA 19-9, CEA, CA 15-3, CA 125, and PSA, and age-related 95% reference interval limits were established for CA 19-9. CA 19-9 decreased from adulthood to the early elderly and increased in the more elderly population. These developed reference interval limits for these biomarkers, which differed from those reported in previous literature, could be adopted for use in Taita-Taveta County, Kenya, for better medical care. Doi: 10.28991/SciMedJ-2022-04-02-04 Full Text: PDF

Reference interval limits for thyronine (TSH), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) for geriatrics of the world including those of geriatrics of Taita-Taveta County, Kenya are limited. The aim of this study was to develop the 95% reference interval limits for thyronine (TSH), total thyroxine (T4), and total triiodothyronine (T3) for adults and geriatrics of Taita-Taveta County, Kenya. Two hundred and forty four referent individual randomly recruited from the four sub-county of Taita Taveta (Mwatate, Wundanyi, Voi and Taveta) County, Kenya participated in this reference interval limits development study. These referents had no history of thyroid gland diseases, were not on medication for thyroid diseases, and medications that affect the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid gland axis. These referents were free from HIV/ AIDS, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, and pregnancy. The serum used for the measurement of thyronin (TSH), total tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine [T4]) and triiodothyronine (T3) was obtained from blood which had been drawn from the vein of the 244 referent participants between 7-10 am after 8 to 12 hours of fasting recruited between May 2015 and December 2017. TSH, T4 and T3 were measured on a quality controlled calibrated Chemwell Auto-Analyzer machine using the principle that combines an enzyme immunoassay sandwich method with a final fluorescent detection (enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELFA)

Background: Renal toxicity has been identified as a major challenge resulting from long exposure to antiretroviral treatment.