A simple solid-state method has been described for the synthesis of CaC2 from CaO and graphite powders by using a 2.45 GHz microwave reactor. The reaction mechanism of CaC2 formation in the microwave environment is explained and compared with that of the conventional method. The whole microwave process completed within 180 min because of efficient coupling of microwaves with graphite powder. X-ray diffraction quantitative analysis results revealed 71.8% CaC2 formation at 1700 °C for 30 min of microwave exposure, whereas conventional heat treatment at 1700 °C for 30 min showed 14.1% CaC2 and 1750 °C for 60 min showed 62.8% CaC2. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy quantitative chemical state analysis based on C 1s spectra indicated 54.02% CaC2 in microwave heat-treated samples and 30.75% CaC2 in conventional heat-treated samples. The preliminary experimental results suggest that synthesis of CaC2 by microwave reactor is fast because of rapid volumetric heating.

A review of 289 completions in Ochiltree County, Texas, shows 137 classified gas completions currently produce with the aid of artificial lift. Two methods of artificial lift, beam pumping units and plunger lift, were identified in the review. The study revealed that 130 gas wells produce with the aid of a plunger lift, while only 7 gas wells produce with the aid of a beam pumping unit. This paper reports on historical results obtained from using plunger lift systems. The historical results are compared to published methods for predicting liquid loading and plunger lift production responses. An evaluation of the historical plunger lift production responses and installation workover costs show that an impressive 32 BCF of reserves were added at a cost of less than $0.06/MCF.

The increasing recognition of Plunger-Lift as a viable method for producing many wells, has brought a number of changes to the technology involved. The importance of proper plungerlift performance criteria (as reported in an earlier SPE paper) has been recognized and steps taken to incorporate this information into modern day control systems. This paper discusses the usage of plunger velocity in establishing operating cycles for gas wells and for oil wells. When used in conjunction with state of the art electronic microprocessors. the results are increased production, extended economic limits. less down-time, and many others. This has been proven to be the case in both conventional and slim-hole wells. Primary areas of discussion are:Relativity of plunger velocity insofar as efficiency is concerned.Standard approach historically taken to achieve maximum production.New software design that automates cycle changes while increasing production and reducing both man-hours and down time.Test results and case histories. Results, Observations and Conclusions: Significant production increases have been realized in the vast majority of wells produced via this method. Modest increases were realized on the remainder of wells tested. Optimization, by using plunger travel velocity has proven to be highly successful. Increases in excess of 100% realized on many gas wells. Reducing down-time, saving man-hours, increasing production rates, handling line pressure changes and generally eliminating the most common problems associated with plunger-lift are the result of this approach. Applications:Gas well dewatering, even for marginal producers. For both conventional and slim-hole wells.High GLR wells.Wells with high or fluctuating sales line pressures.

As plunger systems become more sophisticated and people become more familiar with them, their credibility and usage is increasing.As a consequence, the spectrum of applications for these systems has begun to increase.In the ongoing pursuit of lower lifting costs and reduced capital spending, creative engineering techniques have applied the principle of the plunger to some unique production problems. The purpose of this paper is to present a number of these along with some case histories.The normal applications.-for a plunger are for Gas Wells, Hi-Ratio Oil Wells, Intermittent Gas Lift and Paraffin Removal. Now, however, plungers are also being used to:

fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThe interest in and demand for natural gas in the past few years has dramatically shifted the focus for many operators. Plunger lift, which for many years was viewed as a last resort, and somewhat of a nuisance, has gained an all time high in popularity and effectiveness and applicability. Much of the guesswork in evaluating candidates has now been replaced with exotic programs that combine Nodal analysis with performance based calculations.In recent years both equipment and applications have improved, and the production range of plunger lift now includes many wells previously not possible to produce with plunger lift. Being able to correctly assess applicability, and identify the best type system is reducing the trial and error process previously associated with plunger lift evaluations and operations.