Context The National Federation of State High School Associations previously implemented 2 lacrosse rule modifications: Rule 5.4 in the 2012–2013 academic year to heighten the penalty for a head or neck hit to the head, face, or neck (HFN) and Rule 5.3.5 in the 2013–2014 academic year to minimize body checking. Objective To determine if the rates of overall injury, HFN injuries, and concussions due to intentional contact (checking) differed for boys' high school lacrosse players after Rule 5.4 and 5.3.5 modifications were enacted. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Web-based online surveillance system. Patients or Other Participants Boys' high school lacrosse players during the 2008–2009 to 2016–2017 seasons whose teams involved athletic trainers participating in the High School Reporting Information Online sports injury-surveillance system. Intervention(s) Rule 5.4 in the 2012–2013 academic year increased the penalty for any intentional hits to the HFN, and Rule 5.3.5 in the 2013–2014 year eliminated body checking to a player in a defenseless position. Main Outcome Measure(s) Overall, HFN, and concussion injury rate ratios (IRRs) by checking mechanism; overall and checking-related injury ratios by competitions and practices. Results A decrease was shown in checking-related HFN injuries (IRR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.13, 0.65) and checking-related concussions (IRR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.12, 0.70) during practices in the seasons after both rule modifications were imposed, but no decreases occurred in any checking-related injuries during competitions. By injury mechanism, no decreases were evident after the Rule 5.4 modification. When both rule modifications (Rules 5.4 and 5.3.5) were enacted together, concussion rates due to delivering body checks (IRR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.29, 0.91) and overall injury risk due to being body checked (IRR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.53, 0.97) decreased. Conclusions When both Rule 5.4 and 5.3.5 modifications were in effect, concussion and overall injury risks decreased for the body checker and the player being body checked, respectively.
BackgroundGolf is a moderate‐intensity physical activity that provides positive physical and mental health benefits. However, the inclusiveness of the sport for individuals with disabilities globally is unknown.ObjectiveTo characterize the demographics and disability characteristics of individuals engaging in disability golf globally. It was hypothesized that the majority of participants would be middle‐aged, male, and from countries with higher gross domestic product, similar to the nondisabled population.DesignDescriptive, cross‐sectional analysis using European Disability Golf Association (EDGA) database.SettingVarious international golf tournaments.ParticipantsGolfers (n = 1734) with disability from 44 countries registered with the EDGA (2017–2021).InterventionsNot applicable.Main OutcomesDescriptive analyses of frequencies, distributions, and means differences of demographic characteristics (age, gender, type of disability, level of handicap, golf cart use, and country of origin) of golfers with disability were performed. Data provided analysis of the association between number of participants and a country's gross domestic product (GDP).ResultsIndividuals had a mean age of 52.5 (±15.6) years: 1589 (91.6%) male and 145 (8.4%) female. Twenty‐three countries had female participation. The most commonly reported primary disability diagnoses were neurologic (24.8%), orthopedic (21.4%), and amputation below the knee (14.4%). Neurologic impairments (24.7%) were most common in men and orthopedic impairments (29.7%) were most common in women. Individuals with neurological impairments (27.4%) most frequently required golf carts to play. The GDP of a country had a positive correlation (r = 0.68) with the number of registered golfers with disability.ConclusionGolf is played by individuals with a variety of disabilities and provides numerous benefits. However, there is an underrepresentation of youth, women, and individuals with certain impairments and from lower‐income countries. These are the potential areas of opportunity to improve engagement and inclusiveness of golf.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.