Two-dimensional (2D) materials have recently garnered significant interest due to their novel and emergent properties. A plethora of 2D materials have been discovered and intensively studied, such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, transitionmetal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and other metallic compound MXenes (nitrides, phosphides, and hydroxides), as well as elemental 2D materials (borophene, germanene, phosphorene, silicene, etc.). Considering the widespread interest in conventional van der Waals 2D materials, two-dimensional metallic nanosheets (2DMNS), a recent addition to the 2D materials family, have exhibited diverse potential spanning optics, electronics, magnetics, catalysis, etc. However, the close-packed, non-layered structure and non-directional, isotropic bonding of metallic materials make it difficult to access metals in their 2D forms, unlike 2D van der Waals materials, which have intrinsically layered structure (strong in-plane bonding in addition to the weak interlayer interaction). Until now, conventional top-down and bottom-up synthesis schemes of these 2DMNS have encountered various limitations such as precursor availability, substrate incompatibility, difficulty of control over thickness and stoichiometry, limited thermal budget, etc. To overcome these manufacturing limitations of 2DMNS, here we report a facile, rapid, large-scale, and cost-effective fabrication technique of nanometer-scale copper (Cu) 2DMNS via iterative rolling, folding, and calendering (RFC) that is readily generalizable to other conventional elemental metallic materials. Overall, we successfully show a scalable fabrication technique of 2DMNS.
Bipolar electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (BPEIS) was previously explored as a potential nondestructive method for detecting corrosion of steel in post-tensioned tendons which are used as reinforcing structural elements in segmental bridge construction. The tendons are composed of a grout-filled cylindrical plastic duct that contains high-strength steel strands. A proof of concept was demonstrated by experiments performed on tendons with passive and corroded strands and through finite-element simulations of the indirect impedance response1. Further work showed that bipolar impedance was sensitive to local corrosion in field tendons if the measurement is obtained near the corroding region2. This work further scrutinizes BPEIS as a corrosion monitoring method for reinforced cementitious structural components with direct comparison between corrosion damage estimates and actual metal loss. Bi-polar electrochemistry is a noncontact method in which a conducting material placed within an electric field induced by two feeder electrodes is indirectly polarized while maintaining charge neutrality such that the conducting material forms two poles, a positively charged pole which acts as the anode and negatively charge one that acts as the cathode. If the electric field is applied between the feeder electrodes under alternating current, the poles fluctuate between anode and cathode extremes corresponding to the direction of the induced field. Under such polarization conditions, the opportunity to assess the electrochemical impedance between the feeder electrodes is provided. The measured impedance includes the interfacial impedance of the feeder electrodes, the conducting material interface impedance, and the impedance of the conductor itself which can be assumed to be negligible. By placing two reference electrodes between the feeder electrodes, the interfacial impedance of the feeder electrodes can be eliminated from the measurement, thus allowing one to obtain an impedance reflective of the electrolyte impedance between the reference electrodes and the impedance of the conducting material interface. A finite element model is used to relate the measured impedance response to the impedance of the steel and cement interface and therefore the corrosion rate. The ability to accurately monitor the corrosion rate will be assessed by comparing the estimated corrosion damage obtained by integration of periodic estimates of corrosion rate to the actual damage. The role of a corrosion product layer, reinforcement geometry, and electrode configuration to the sensitivity of the measurement to corrosion rate will be described. [1] Alexander, C. L., & Orazem, M. E. (2020). Indirect electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for corrosion detection in external post-tensioned tendons: 1. Proof of concept. Corrosion Science, 164, 108331. [2] Alexander, C. L., & Orazem, M. E. (2020). Indirect impedance for corrosion detection of external post-tensioned tendons: 2. Multiple steel strands. Corrosion Science, 164, 108330.
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