Carotid artery dissection is a significant cause of ischaemic stroke in all age groups and accounts for a large percentage of strokes in young patients. Carotid dissection can be caused by trauma, underlying connective tissue disease, hypertension, mechanical injury or can be spontaneous. We present an exceedingly rare case of carotid dissection caused by an elongated styloid process, causing direct mechanical damage to the carotid artery.

Forty-five samples of seminal plasma obtained from eight boars and seventeen samples of vesicular secretion collected from individual boars had mean zinc contents of 22\m=.\7and 137\m=.\4 \g=m\g/ml, respectively. It was concluded that most of the zinc present in the seminal plasma of the boar is derived from the vesicular secretion.The mean concentrations of the organic constituents studied were: Seminal plasma: total nitrogen 4\m=.\42mg/ml (non-dialysable 88\m=.\7%), citrate 1 \m=.\28 mg/ml. Vesicular secretion: total nitrogen 15\m=.\1 mg/ml (non-dialysable 93\m=.\9%), citrate 6\m=.\07mg/ml, fructose 0\m=.\557mg/ ml, galactose 0\m=.\092 mg/ml. In both seminal plasma and vesicular secretion, the concentration of zinc was positively correlated with that of total and non-dialysable nitrogen and citrate. The correlation with nitrogenous substances was particularly strong in the seminal plasma of individual animals and there was evidence from the partial correlation coefficients that these associations were independent of the zinc-citrate relationship. However, fructose and galactose which do not have an appreciable affinity for zinc under physiological conditions also showed significant positive correlations with zinc (in vesicular secretion) and most of the organic constituents were interrelated in this way, indicating that in such data the influence of chemical combination may be masked by that of other factors which regulate the composition of these fluids.

The seminal plasma of the boar is known to be rich in inositol but has a much lower content of fructose than that of either the bull or the ram, while stallion seminal plasma contains some inositol and hardly any fructose (Mann, 1954(Mann, , 1964Mann, Minotakis & Polge, 1963). The purpose of the present study was to ascertain whether other carbohydrates, either free or bound, occur in boar and stallion seminal plasma.Semen was collected by artificial vagina and the gel was removed. The seminal plasma, obtained by centrifugation at 2000 g for 10 min, was separated into a dialysable and non-dialysable portion by dialysis at 2 to 5\ s=deg\C against glass-distilled water (five changes at 12-hr intervals). Both the dialysable and non-dialysable portions were concentrated to the original volume of seminal plasma. For the analysis of free sugars, the dialysable portion was treated with barium hydroxide and zinc sulphate and passed through an ion-exchangeresin column composed of Amberlite IR-120 (H+) and Dowex AG-1 (OAc\m=-\) in exactly the same way as described in the study of human and bovine seminal plasma (Mann & Rottenberg, 1966;Baronos, 1971). For the analysis of bound sugars, samples of both the dialysable and non-dialysable portions were subjected for 3 hr to hydrolysis in n-H2SO4 before de-ionization. Total carbohydrate was determined by the orcinol method (Vasseur, 1948), and fructose by the resorcinol method (Mann, 1946). Glucose and galactose were assayed enzymatically (Middleton & Griffiths, 1957;Baronos, 1971). Glycerol and inositol were determined by gas-liquid chromatography after conversion to trismethylsilyl derivatives, using a SE 30 (methyl silicone gum) 5-ft long column (Selvendran & Isherwood, 1970); before the determination of glycerol and inositol, the sugars were destroyed by treatment with hot KOH and the material passed through a column of Dowex 50 (H+) and Dowex 1 (OAc-). The various carbohydrate constituents were identified by paper chromatography using ethyl acetate : pyridine : water (8:2:1) as solvent and the silver reagent for spraying (Trevelyan, Proctor & Harrison, 1950). The areas on chromatograms corresponding to galactose, mannose, glucose and fucose, as present in the nondialysable hydrolysed material, were eluted with water and their content determined in the eluates by the orcinol method.As regards free sugars, chromatography has shown that boar seminal plasma contains fructose, inositol and a little glucose, and also an appreciable quantity * Postal address: Animal Research Station, 307 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0JO_, England. 303

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SUMMARY The androgenic effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on the bovine seminal vesicles have been evaluated by (i) introducing the steroid directly into one seminal vesicle in situ, while retaining the other vesicle as a control or for the introduction of another steroid, or (ii) injecting the steroid subcutaneously into a whole animal, and examining the seminal vesicles after autopsy. When introduced directly into a seminal vesicle dihydrotestosterone oenanthate stimulated growth and the formation of fructose and citric acid, but the magnitude of the effect was not greater than that of a similar dose of testosterone oenanthate. When twin calves were injected subcutaneously, one with dihydrotestosterone propionate, and the other with the same dose of testosterone propionate, only the latter responded with increased output of fructose, citric acid and α-mannosidase in electro-ejaculated semen. But the seminal vesicles grew to approximately the same size in both twins. Parenterally administered bovine growth hormone produced a sudden but transient burst of secretory activity in the seminal vesicles, resulting in the appearance of fructose and citric acid in electro-ejaculated semen.

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BACKGROUND: The Joint Commission requirement is that the US Pharmacopeia Chapter <797> is followed, which recommends that administration of compounded sterile preparations should begin no later than 1 hour after their preparation. We hypothesized that simply spiking the IV fluid in a nonsterile environment does not pose an increased risk of infection to the patient. METHODS: Two 1000-mL bags of IV fluid (normal saline and dextrose 5% in water) were spiked and hung in 5 busy perioperative locations, once a week for a 13-week period. A 10-mL sample was drawn from each bag of IV fluid at time zero and 24 hours resulting in 260 samples in total. All samples were inoculated in 2 separate growth media (sheep’s blood agar and thioglycollate broth). The primary outcome was growth versus no growth in any of the specimens. If any growth was noted, the sample was marked as positive and further testing to identify the organism was undertaken. RESULTS: A total of 257 samples (normal saline = 127, dextrose 5% in water = 129) were collected over a period of 13 weeks, yielding 514 specimens. Three samples were excluded from the study secondary to the IV bags being discarded accidentally. No growth was identified in any of the specimens. The 97.5% CIs were as follows: normal saline = 127 (0–0.034) and dextrose 5% in water = 129 (0–0.033), correcting for multiple tests. CONCLUSIONS: No bacterial growth was noted in any of the 257 samples collected. Normal saline and dextrose 5% in water do not support bacterial growth 24 hours after their preparation using standard sterile techniques in the perioperative space.

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