This review presents an overview of antinutritive factors (ANFs) relevant for ¢sh nutrition. The sources of ANFs and the possibilities of reducing the impact of ANFs are brie£y mentioned. Proteinase inhibitors, lectins, saponins and oligosaccharides are given a more thorough presentation regarding mechanisms of action and the state of knowledge regarding e¡ects on gut function in ¢sh and upper safe dietary levels. Thereafter, selected results from recent works addressing the involvement of T cells and proteinaseactivated receptors in soybean-induced enteritis are summarized. Our conclusions are as follows: we are only beginning to understand e¡ects of ANFs in ¢sh; strengthening of the knowledge base is urgently needed to understand the e¡ects and to ¢nd the means to overcome or modify these e¡ects; interactions between the e¡ects of ANFs appear to be very important; the microbiota may modify the e¡ects of ANFs; not only salmonids are a¡ected; not only soybeans contain ANFs of biological importance in ¢sh; and with increased knowledge, we can develop better diets for optimal nutrition, health and economy in aquaculture.An update on antinutrients in aquaculture feeds -Krogdahl et al.

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Soyabean meal (SBM)-induced enteritis in the distal intestine of the teleost Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and other salmonids may be considered a model for diet-related mucosal disorders in other animals and man. The role of the intestinal microbiota in its pathogenesis was explored. Compared to diets containing fishmeal (FM) as the sole protein source, responses to extracted SBM or the prebiotic inulin, with or without oxytetracycline (OTC) inclusion, were studied following a 3-week feeding trial. Intestinal microbiota, organosomatic indices and histology, as well as immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and caspase-3-positive cells in the distal intestine, were studied. Distal intestine somatic indices (DISI) were higher in inulin and lower in SBM compared to FM-fed fish. The low DISI caused by SBM corresponded with histological changes, neither of which was affected by OTC, despite a significant decrease in adherent bacteria count. Image analysis of PCNA-stained sections showed a significant increase in the proliferative compartment length in SBM-fed fish, accompanied by apparent increases in reactivity to HSP70 and caspase-3 along the mucosal folds, indicating induction of cellular repair and apoptosis, respectively. Fish fed the SBM diet had higher total number as well as a more diverse population composition of adherent bacteria in the distal intestine. Thus SBM-induced enteritis is accompanied by induction of distal intestinal epithelial cell protective responses and changes in microbiota. Putative involvement of bacteria in the inflammatory response merits further investigation.

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