The purpose of this study was to seek evidence for the influence of sexual selection on both male and female three-spined sticklebacks, a species in which the S alone has parental responsibilities. We studied the intrasexual relationships of fj? and 99 prior to courtship, and the intrasexual and intersexual relationships of both sexes during courtship. Results demonstrated that both fj? and 99 compete intrasexually, and suggested that both sexes are discriminative in mate selection. These results are compatible with TRIVERS' (1972) model of the role of parental investment in sexual selection.
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