No abstract

This work demonstrated that auxin plays an important role in seedling establishment of the orchid S. plicata. In particular, normal first leaf formation required an appropriate distribution and concentration of auxin, as revealed by the use of polar auxin transport inhibitors and exogenously applied auxin. Moreover, auxin promoted the precocious formation of protocorm trichomes, which are an essential part of normal orchid seedling development. In addition, this work revealed that auxin can induce orchid seedlings to form propagative structures that are specific to a particular stage in seedling development.

Polar auxin transport (PAT) is facilitated by polar localization of PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers, which direct auxin flow and regulate developmental events. Brassinosteroids (BRs) and auxin work synergistically to promote growth, and in root geotropisms this cross-talk involves BR-directed polarization of PIN through the mobilization of F-actin. However, the role of BR in PAT during shoot growth, hair formation, and embryogenesis has not been well studied. Orchid seed are mature at a point in development that is analogous to the globular-stage of embryogenesis in typical angiosperms. Thus, this system provided a unique opportunity to study the effects of BR on PAT during embryogenesis-like events, including meristem/first leaf formation and protocorm/stem development, which is followed by protocorm hair formation. In this work, the degree to which BRs rescued embryo-like protocorms from the impact of PAT-disrupting agents, such as PAT inhibitors or high auxin levels, was determined based on growth responses. This study first established that auxin and BRs work together synergistically to promote seedling elongation in Spathoglottis. Repressed seedling growth caused by the PAT-disrupting agents was alleviated with eBL, suggesting that BRs enhance PAT in embryogenesis-like stages of young protocorms. However, similar responses were not evident in seed embryos. Results from this study also suggested that BRs may enhance orchid protocorm elongation by regulating auxin transport through an F-actin-mediated mechanism. With regard to protocorm hairs, increased eBL levels inhibited formation, whereas reduced BR biosynthesis altered hair patterning, and prevented outgrowth of auxin-stimulated hairs. Moreover, PAT inhibitors and repression of BR biosynthesis caused hair bud formation without hair outgrowth, suggesting a role for BR in PAT during protocorm hair development.