Background: Despite various measures taken by governments, the lack of significant improvements in malnutrition status remains a troubling issue, causing concern for implementing agencies and the biomedical community worldwide. Interestingly, similar issues have also emerged in the veterinary sector in recent decades, particularly in dairy, poultry, piggery, and goat farming. As a result, research in veterinary medicine has been conducted on a war footing because the welfare of animals, farmer profitability, and human health have been at stake. This manuscript aims to understand the mystery of anthropometric failure in humans through an interdisciplinary perspective. Methods: To investigate the missing links between nutrients, hormones, and anthropometrics, a literature search was conducted using the databases 'PubMed' and 'Google Scholar' with various related keywords to find unexplored causes of malnutrition. The obtained data was further analysed with the aim of identifying the missing links. The keyword search was then narrowed down to 'vitamin D' and 'Boron' based on the hypothesis that they could be considered as 'common but natural constituents other than food'. To substantiate, data from the Indian population, including CNNS and NFHS-5, were analysed. Findings: The hypothesis that 'paired deficiency statuses' (Vitamin D and Boron deficiency) lead to a 'cascade effect' on 'deteriorating anthropometric values' (such as the hunger index) appears to be supported by the results of the comparative review of multi-disciplinary literature and derived data analysis. Interpretation: Prompt intervention to revise the supplementation and fortification dosage of vitamin D and boron could lead to improvements in anthropometric values. However, to address the issue effectively, it is crucial to clarify the definitions of deficiency and toxicity. In the long run, efforts to enhance ‘soil organic carbon’ could serve as a sustainable solution for ‘triple burden of malnutrition’ in India. Funding: The PP research is supported by ICMR-NIN intra-mural grant (20-NINAF03).
Objective and design: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic inflammatory condition of the digestive system marked by oxidative stress, leukocyte infiltration, and elevation of inflammatory mediators. In this study, we demonstrate the protective effect of Ethyl gallate (EG), a phytochemical, and Propyl gallate (PG), an antioxidant, given through normal drinking water (DW) and copper water (CW) in various combinations, which had a positive effect on the amelioration of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6J mice. Materials and methods: We successfully determined the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and Antioxidant enzymes by ELISA, tracked Oxidative/Nitrosative stress (RO/NS) by in vivo imaging (IVIS) using L-012 chemiluminescent probe, disease activity index (DAI), histopathological and morphometric analysis of colon in DSS-induced Colitis in a model. Results: The results revealed that oral administration of Ethyl gallate and Propyl gallate at a dose of 50 mg/kg considerably reduced the severity of colitis and improved both macroscopic and microscopic clinical symptoms. The limits of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-γ) in colonic tissue were considerably reduced in the DSS+EG-treated and DSS+PG-treated groups, compared to the DSS alone treated group. IVIS imaging of animals from the DSS+EG and DSS+PG treated groups showed a highly significant decrease in RO/NS species relative to the DSS control group, with the exception of the DSS+PG/CW and DSS+EG+PG/CW treated groups. We also observed lower levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) and higher levels of GST and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, we showed that the EG, PG, and EG+PG-treated groups had a healing impact on DAI score, body weight, and colon length in mice with DSS-induced colitis. In this 21-day study, mice were treated daily with test substances and were challenged to DSS from day 7 to 14. Conclusion: Our study highlights the protective effect of ethyl gallate and propyl gallate in various combinations which, in pre-clinical animals, serves as an anti-inflammatory drug against the severe form of colitis, indicating its potential for the treatment of IBD in humans. In addition, propyl gallate was investigated for the first time in this study for its anti-colitogenic effect with normal drinking water and reduced effect with copper water.
Purpose: It is known that chilli has untoward effects on the living being on taste buds, gastric mucosa, and other organs. It could lead to gastric cancer through severe acid production. However, we could not blame all chillies (hot, bell, red, cayenne, and sweet) as their capsaicin (CAP) and other capsaicinoids vary in different regions and chilli varieties. This study measured the effect of three chillies (Naga King, Bird’s Eye, and Guntur) on superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels of visceral and vital organs. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, a diet fortified with chilli powder was used for feeding Sprague Dawley rats which contained standard 20% protein and chilli powder (0.005% of CAP equivalent) over three months to measure superoxide dismutase levels in six vital, visceral organs/tissues (Adipose, Brain, Heart, Lung, Kidneys and Testes). Finding: Heart tissue followed by brain and lung have shown more SOD levels in the CEG group, whereas in the rest of the groups’ lung tissue had shown a notable increase in SOD levels. NKC and BEC showed a three-fold increase in SOD levels of the lung, whereas the CEG group had a 1.25-fold increase compared to standard diet normal control (SNC). Research limitations/implications: Active components of the chilli have to be tested separately to reach a reproducible conclusion. Oral dosing of chilli’s active component instead of feeding through diet would provide more reliable data. Originality/value: Vital organs like the brain, lungs and kidneys are also affected through chilli consumption; however, its severity and protective role can be understood through oxidative enzymes like SOD.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) come under non-communicable disease (NCD) that are responsible for the leading cause of death, globally. They involve a range of pathologies viz. coronary artery disease, cerebro-vascular disease, venous thrombo-embolism, peripheral vascular disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias and stroke. Each pathology is the result of the complex interplay of many factors which determine the prognosis of the condition. Animal experimentation has played an important role in the fundamental understanding of pathologies of cardiac diseases and discovered improved methods of diagnosis and treatment. Researchers have used a number of lab animals that involve rodents (mice, rats, hamsters, and rabbits) and non-rodent animal models (dogs, pigs, sheep, primates) as a biological system to mimic cardiovascular diseases for translational research. An ideal animalmodel system should be cheap, readily manipulable, reproducible, ethically sound and reflect the complexity of cardiovascular diseases. Rodent animal models are considered the prime model for human research. Common rodent models include mice, rats and hamsters; rabbits are used for studies on cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, aortic constriction, pulmonary vein constriction, atherosclerosis and cholesterol regulation studies. With the advancement in genetic engineering, several transgenic/humanized rodent models are available which can mimic better human systems for translational application. Among non-rodent animal models, pigs, dogs, sheep, and non-human primates serve as an excellent model in cardiovascular research; owing to the similarity in heart structure, atrio-ventricular valves, lipid metabolism and vasculature with humans. In the current chapter, we will deal with the importance of the models and their characteristic features, advantages and limitations.
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