the number of incompetent PVs and the diameter of both competent and incompetent PV increases with the severity of CVD. Bidirectional PV flow is more common in patients than in normal volunteers, while 77% of the incompetent PVs have outward flow alone. PV incompetence is most often associated with reflux in the superficial veins, indicating that deep venous reflux is rarely the primary cause of PV insufficiency.
these data indicate that reflux confined to superficial tributaries is found throughout the lower limb. Because this reflux is present without greater and lesser saphenous trunk, perforator and deep-vein incompetence or proximal obstruction, it shows that reflux can develop in any vein without an apparent feeding source. Greater saphenous tributaries are affected significantly more often than those of lesser saphenous, while non-saphenous reflux is uncommon. Most limbs have signs and symptoms of CVD class 2 and 15% belong in classes 3 and 4.
Rats were fed diets with sucrose or starch as the carbohydrate source and in another experiment with glucose and fructose. After 30 days, groups of 5 rats were killed at 2 hintervals over aperiod of 24 ho urs.Plasma triglyceride concentrations were higher in sucrosefed rats than in those fed stareh, and in fructose-fed rats than in those fed glucose. This was also true of free fatty acid concentrations. Visible lipemia was observed in some rats fed a diet with sucrose or fructose. There was little difference in plasma glucose concentrations between the groups, but sucrose or fructose feeding increased fructose concen tra tions.The differences between plasma insulin eoncentrations of rats fed fructose and glucose was less than those previousIy seen. The cortieosterone eoneentrations were also not greatly different.A diurnal rhythm was observed in the coneentrations of plasma triglyceride, free fatty acid, eorticosterone and to a lesser extent insulin.The implications of these resul ts are discussed in relation to the hyperlipidemic effeet of suerose.
carotid wall areas with small increase in IMT have a poor correlation with carotid artery stiffness. The carotid stiffness increases in areas with marked wall thickening and particularly in segments with plaque. The simultaneous study of vessel-wall elastic behaviour with IMT and plaque changes may increase our understanding of atherosclerotic progression and wall remodelling.
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