The present work proposes uniform and simultaneous computational analysis of smart, low power energy harvesting devices targeting flow-induced vibrations in order to enable reliable sensitivity, robustness and efficiency studies of the associated nonlinear system involving fluid, structure, piezo-ceramics and electric circuit. The article introduces a monolithic approach that provides simultaneous modeling and analysis of the coupled energy harvester, which involves surfacecoupled fluid-structure interaction, volume-coupled piezoelectric mechanics and a controlling energy harvesting circuit for applications in energy harvesting. A spacetime finite element approximation is used for the numerical solution of the governing equations of the flow-driven piezoelectric energy harvesting device. This method enables modeling of different types of structures (plate, shells) with varying cross sections and material compositions, and different types of simple and advanced harvesting circuits.
The current research focuses on developing nano-crystalline nickel coating for engineering applications through pulse plating technique. Based on the literature survey, the current density, duty cycle and frequency were identified as important grain refining parameters. Coating was done over a mild steel sample after mechanical polishing, vapour degreasing and anodizing. Experiments were conducted using the three determining parameters and their influence on the properties of the coating was evaluated. Coatings were then characterized for the surface morphology and hardness. The XRD analysis for the surface morphology resulted in the grain size of 19 nm and the hardness measured from the microhardness tester was 677 HV which is higher than the hardness reported in the available literatures. The influence of the pulse plating parameters on the grain size and hardness of the coating has been listed out for the benefit of the scientific community.
The successful design of piezoelectric energy harvesting devices relies upon the identification of optimal geometrical and material configurations to maximize the power output for a specific band of excitation frequencies. Extendable predictive models and associated approximate solution methods are essential for analysis of a wide variety of future advanced energy harvesting devices involving more complex geometries and material distributions. Based on a holistic continuum mechanics modeling approach to the multi-physics energy harvesting problem, this article proposes a monolithic numerical solution scheme using a mixed-hybrid 3-dimensional finite element formulation of the coupled governing equations for analysis in time and frequency domain. The weak form of the electromechanical/circuit system uses velocities and potential rate within the piezoelectric structure, free boundary charge on the electrodes, and potential at the level of the generic electric circuit as global degrees of freedom. The approximation of stress and dielectric displacement follows the work by Pian, Sze, and Pan. Results obtained with the proposed model are compared with analytical results for the reduced-order model of a cantilevered bimorph harvester with tip mass reported in the literature. The flexibility of the method is demonstrated by studying the influence of partial electrode coverage on the generated power output. KEYWORDS mixed finite element formulation, piezoelectric energy harvesting, simultaneous solution 1828Many piezoelectric energy harvesting devices (EHDs) are manufactured as thin films, typically as cantilevered beams with one or more layers of piezoelectric patches that are coupled to an electrical circuit. The circuitry for implementing piezoelectric energy harvesting for practical applications may include different components such as a rectifier to convert alternating current from the harvester to direct current, a capacitor to store the energy harvested, or a simple resistive electrical load to predict the power output of a piezoelectric EHD. The electromechanical behavior of thin cantilevered piezoelectric EHDs connected to a resistive load has been extensively studied using a variety of analytical modeling approaches (for instance, see previous studies 4-8 ). From a modeling perspective, thin cantilevered harvesters easily lend themselves to closed-form solution. Erturk and Inman 6 presented a distributed modeling approach on the basis of Euler-Bernoulli beam assumptions and provided significant insight into the coupled aspects of piezoelectric energy harvesting problem. They also addressed the inaccuracies of single degree of freedom modeling approaches. However, analytical models for complex energy harvesting configurations are challenging in terms of geometry, material positioning, and electrode patterns. Numerical methods are needed to predict and simulate the electromechanical behavior of such systems.In their pioneering work on finite element modeling of piezoelectric vibration analysis, Allik and Hughes 9 ...
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