BackgroundSaliva plays a major role in preserving the integrity of oral tissues. The oral health of renal failure patients could be negatively affected by the underlying pathology, the dialysis treatment, or an altered salivary composition. Major systemic changes occur during hemodialysis (HD), which could affect the flow rate and biochemical composition of saliva. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of HD on the salivary flow rate, pH and biochemical composition before and after completion of a dialysis session.Material and MethodsThirty Renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria set forth for the study. Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) was collected by the spitting method, immediately before and after a dialysis session. Salivary flow rate, pH, concentration of urea, creatinine, sodium, chloride, potassium and calcium were measured.ResultsHemodialysis had an acute stimulating effect on the salivary flow rate. The mean pH of UWS showed no significant changes before and after dialysis. The concentrations of urea, creatinine, chloride and potassium in whole saliva changed markedly before and after a hemodialysis session; whereas no significant difference was seen in the concentration of sodium and calcium. ConclusionsThis study shows that HD has significant acute effects on both salivary secretion and biochemical composition in saliva. We conclude that the observed changes in salivary concentrations and flow rate are mainly due to an increased watery secretion from the salivary glands and also saliva can be used as a tool for monitoring hemodialysis. Key words:Saliva, Hemodialysis, Flow rate, pH, biochemical constituents.

Diverse morphological, structural and tooth number aberrations can occur within human dentition secondary to genetic and epigenetic influences. These deviations can manifest as microdontia, macrodontia, hypodontia, oligodontia to name a few. Non-syndromic microdontia is rarely noted, especially in the permanent mandibular incisors. This case report records two such rare cases of peg shaped microdont mandibular central incisor. In one case microdontia occurred synchronously with hypodontia. The facts about these malformations collectively form a body of knowledge with which would serve as a data base in monitoring the evolutionary process of human dentition.

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Carcinoma of the maxillary sinus is a rare aggressive entity. Squamous cell carcinoma of maxillary sinus has the highest incidence among the tumors developing within the sinonasal compartment and has one of the worst outcomes in comparison with other head and neck tumors. Management of these tumors often presents an uphill task to clinicians. In the present case, the patient presented with a swelling in the left cheek region with a history of trauma and altered sensation and no other signs and symptoms. Based on the history and clinical examination, a provisional diagnosis of infraorbital fracture was given. Further, radiographic and histopathological evaluation was done which leads to the final diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the left maxillary sinus. As oral physicians, we come across diseases of the maxillary sinus; thereby, complete assessment of any pathology of the sinuses may help in early diagnosis of this deadly disease.

DNA analysis by inhibition of G2M phase of cell cycle using colchicine facilitates early detection and also helps determine the prognosis of leukoplakia, OSMF, and oral cancer.