The ability to tune the hydrophilicity of polyacrylate copolymers by altering their composition makes these materials attractive candidates for membranes used to separate alcohol-water mixtures. The separation behavior of these polyacrylate membranes is governed by a complex interplay of factors such as water and alcohol concentrations, water structure in the membrane, polymer hydrophilicity, and temperature. We use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of polymer hydrophilicity and water concentration on the structure and dynamics of water molecules in the polymer matrix. Samples of poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA), and a 50/50 copolymer of BA and HEA were synthesized in laboratory, and their properties were measured. Model structures of these systems were validated by comparing the simulated values of their volumetric properties with the experimental values. Molecular simulations of polyacrylate gels swollen in water and ethanol mixtures showed that water exhibits very different affinities toward the different (carbonyl, alkoxy, and hydroxyl) functional groups of the polymers. Water molecules are well dispersed in the system at low concentrations and predominantly form hydrogen bonds with the polymer. However, water forms large clusters at high concentrations along with the predominant formation of water-water hydrogen bonds and the acceleration of hydrogen bond dynamics.

Energy efficient separation of dilute alcohol−water mixtures is a critical consideration in commercialization of biofuels; pervaporation is an attractive separation technique for this purpose. Knowledge of the mechanism of solvent mobility inside polymeric membranes is of great interest for designing pervaporation-based separation processes. Recently, we employed molecular simulations to study water structure in three polyacrylate gels composed of homopolymers and copolymers of n-butyl acrylate (P(BA)) and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (P(HEA)). In this work, water and ethanol dynamics were studied using simulations in two systems: polyacrylate gels swollen to equilibrium and gels with low water content. Solvent dynamics show a concentration-dependent behavior in the gels. For gels swollen to equilibrium, both water and ethanol exhibit the highest mobility in the P(HEA) gel due to the larger degree of swelling of the system, while for gels with a low solvent content, they show the lowest mobility in the P(HEA) gel due to hydrogen bonding between solvent and polymer. Solvent dynamics in gels with low solvent content was characterized by determining solvent diffusivity, rotational relaxation time, and Van Hove autocorrelation function. The dynamics of water molecules is strongly coupled with polymer dynamics due to hydrogen-bonding interactions, while ethanol does not show such strong coupling due to a smaller degree of interaction with the polymer. Ethanol mobility instead follows the trend in the density and glass transition temperature of the polymer. Our results suggest that dynamic coupling between solvent and polymer can be exploited as a mechanism for separating dilute alcohol−water mixtures.

Actin filament networks in eukaryotic cells are constantly remodeled through nucleotide state controlled interactions with actin binding proteins, leading to macroscopic structures such as bundled filaments, branched filaments, and so on. The nucleotide (ATP) hydrolysis, phosphate release, and polymerization/depolymerization reactions that lead to the formation of these structures are correlated with the conformational fluctuations of the actin subunits at the molecular scale. The resulting structures generate and experience varying levels of force and impart cells with several functionalities such as their ability to move, divide, transport cargo, etc. Models that explicitly connect the structure to reactions are essential to elucidate a fundamental level of understanding of these processes. In this regard, a bottom-up Ultra-Coarse-Grained (UCG) model of actin filaments that can simulate ATP hydrolysis, inorganic phosphate release (Pi), and depolymerization reactions is presented in this work. In this model, actin subunits are represented using coarse-grained particles that evolve in time and undergo reactions depending on the conformations sampled. The reactions are represented through state transitions, with each state represented by a unique effective coarse-grained potential. Effects of compressive and tensile strains on the rates of reactions are then analyzed. Compressive strains tend to unflatten the actin subunits, reduce the rate of ATP hydrolysis, and increase the Pi release rate. On the other hand, tensile strain flattens subunits, increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis, and decrease the Pi release rate. Incorporating these predictions into a Markov State Model highlighted that strains alter the steady-state distribution of subunits with ADPPi and ADP nucleotide, thus identifying possible additional factors underlying the cooperative binding of regulatory proteins to actin filaments.

Layered polymeric systems are widely used in membrane separation applications; chain mobility in these layered systems is a key consideration in the design of the membranes. The transport properties of membrane polymers can be significantly altered by the perturbations in chain dynamics induced by the presence of an interface and also by the topological properties of the polymers constituting the layered systems. In this work, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to determine the effects of polymer backbone flexibility and interlayer interactions on the glass transition and chain dynamics of polymer layers in the layered systems. We observed that the onset of glass transition of the entire layered system is governed by the stiffer polymer layer and is independent of the type of interactions between the layers. However, the interlayer interactions govern the strength of the glass transition of the entire layered system. Polymer mobility, on the other hand, exhibits a strong dependence on both the chain flexibility and the interlayer interactions. In systems with attractive interactions between the layers, the fully flexible polymer chains at the interface have a lower mobility than those in the bulk region of the layer; the behavior differs from that of rigid polymers, which have a higher mobility at the interface compared to that in the bulk. On the other hand, when the interactions between the layers are repulsive, each layer acts as a free-standing film with chains in both the layers exhibiting higher mobility at the interface.