We report on the first experimental evidence of negative refraction at telecommunication wavelengths by a two-dimensional photonic crystal field. Samples were fabricated by chemically assisted ion beam etching in the InP-based low-index constrast system. Experiments of beam imaging and light collection show light focusing by the photonic crystal field. Finite-difference time-domain simulations confirm that the observed focusing is due to negative refraction in the photonic crystal area.

We present the first optical study of 2-D photonic crystals (PCs) deeply etched in an InP/GaInAsP step-index waveguide. Following the same internal light source approach proposed by Labilloy and coworkers for the investigation of GaAs-based 2-D PCs, transmission measurements through simple PC slabs and 1-D Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavities between PC mirrors were performed. Details are given on the experimental setup which has been implemented with respect to the original scheme and adapted to InPbased systems working at 1.5-m. 2-D plane-wave expansion and finite difference time-domain (FDTD) methods are used to fit the experimental data. Out-of-plane losses were evaluated according to a recently introduced phenomenological model. In spite of the complex hole morphology in the measured samples, preliminary results are presented which indicate the possibility of separating different loss contributions from finite etch depth and hole shape. As for 1-D cavities, both FDTD and classical theory for planar resonators are applied in order to deduce the optical properties of the PC mirrors. The origin of an anomalously high transmission observed inside the stopgap is discussed and arguments are given to demonstrate the need for further modeling efforts when working in the bandgap regime.

We report on the experimental observation and analysis of second-harmonic generation (SHG) from vertical GaP nanopillars. Periodic arrays of GaP nanopillars with varying diameters ranging from 100 to 250 nm were fabricated on (100) undoped GaP substrate by nanosphere lithography and dry etching. We observed a strong dependence of the SHG intensity on pillar diameter. Analysis of surface and bulk contributions to SHG from the pillars including the calculations of the electric field profiles and coupling efficiencies is in very good agreement with the experimental data. Complementary measurements of surface optical phonons by Raman spectroscopy are also in agreement with the calculated field intensities at the surface. Finally, polarization of the measured light is used to distinguish between the bulk and surface SHG from GaP nanopillars.

The PD 2 Pfair/ERfair scheduling algorithm is the most efficient known algorithm for optimally scheduling periodic tasks on multiprocessors. In this paper, we prove that PD 2 is also optimal for scheduling "rate-based" tasks whose processing steps may be highly jittered. The rate-based task model we consider generalizes the widely-studied sporadic task model.

We report on modal dispersion engineering for second-harmonic generation (SHG) from single vertical GaP nanopillars/nanowaveguides, fabricated by a top-down approach, using optical modal overlap between the pump (830 nm) and SHG (415 nm). We present a modal analysis for the SHG process in GaP nanopillars and demonstrate efficient utilization of the longitudinal component of the nonlinear polarization density. Our SHG measurements show quantitatively the presented model. We experimentally demonstrate that polarization beam shaping and field distribution modification of the radiated SHG light, at nanometer scale, can be achieved by tuning the pillar diameter and linear pump polarization. SHG from single pillars can be used as femtosecond nanoscopic light sources at visible wavelengths applicable for single cell/molecular imaging and interesting for future integrated nanophotonics components. While this work focuses on GaP nanopillars, the results are applicable to other semiconductor nanowire materials and synthesis methods.