Background: NHL are heterogeneous group of hematolymphoid malignancy occurring in nodal and extra nodal sites. Extra nodal lymphoma (ENL) is distinct from nodal lymphomas due to varied anatomical location, morphological diversity. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in the department of pathology from January 2011 till December 2019. Clinical details and other investigations were recorded. Gross morphological features were noted. Slides are reviewed microscopically and blocks were subjected to IHC for further typing cases were selected as per Dawson et al criteria. Result: During study period, ENL constituted 25 cases (29.4%) of the 85 cases of all NHL. Age range is 05 to 63 years with a mean age of 42.5 years. Male to female ratio is 2.2 :1.Head and neck is the most common site of ENHL constituting 19 cases(76%), next commonest location is in the GIT with 3 cases (12%). We had one each case of ENHL in testis, breast and spine (4% each). On IHC, 92% cases (23 cases) exhibited B cell phenotype and the remaining 08 % (02 cases) were of T cell phenotype. Conclusion: Lymphomas in the extra nodal sites are rare but has the propensity to occur in any anatomic site. Hence a differential of lymphoma to be considered in extra nodal site. Histology with IHC enables to differentiate from poorly differentiated carcinoma as the treatment modalities and prognosis varies.
Acquired hemolytic anemia is a group of disorders in which premature destruction of red cells is triggered by extrinsic factors. In this study, we have evaluated 38 cases of acquired hemolytic anemia. Immune hemolysis accounted for 52.6% (n=20) and fragmentation hemolysis 44.7% (n=17) of acquired hemolytic anemia. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MHA) surfaced as the two most frequent causes accounting for 44.7% (n=17) and 39.5% (n=15) of acquired hemolysis. Erythrocyte morphology gives valuable clues concerning the cause of hemolysis. Spherocytes were observed in 94% (n=16) cases of immune hemolytic anemia. Schistocytes were observed in all cases of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MHA). In addition to schistocytes, microspherocytes were seen in 40% of MHA. Precise identification of spherocytes, schistocytes and microspherocytes is very important as it gives valuable information regarding the cause of acquired hemolysis.
Background: Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is a thyroid specific autoimmune disease often seen in middle aged women, although rarely do occur in men, children1. This disease is characterized by antibody directed against thyroid peroxidase, called antimicrosomal antibody. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the various cytological features occurring in HT and to correlate with clinical and serological findings. Methods: The study was conducted in department of Pathology from May 2017 to August 2017. The cases diagnosed as HT by FNAC were taken up for the study. Cytomorphologic features were reviewed microscopically and graded as per Bhatia et al. Result: Fifty cases were diagnosed as lymphocytic thyroiditis. Age of the patient ranged from 7-56 years. Clinically 41 of 50 cases (82%) presented with diffuse thyroid enlargement. In our study we had 31 cases (62 %) of grade 2 thyroiditis, 15 and 4 cases each of grade 1 and grade 3 respectively. We observed increased TSH values in 100% of G3 thyroiditis and 64.5% of G2 thyroiditis. None of the Grade 1 thyroiditis had increased TSH levels. The statistical correlation between grades of thyroiditis with T3, T4 and TSH levels was found to be significant with p values < 0.05. Conclusion: FNAC is simple cost effective and quick method for diagnosing HT. Also combined evaluation of HT with clinical findings and thyroid profile promotes more accurate diagnosis and early institution of therapy and follow up. FNAC is also necessary to rule out malignant lesions like lymphoma and papillary carcinoma at preliminary cytological level.
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