This paper describes FrameNet (Lowe et al., 1997;Baker et al., 1998;Fillmore et al., 2002), an online lexical resource for English based on the principles of frame semantics (Fillmore, 1977a;Fillmore, 1982;Fillmore and Atkins, 1992), and considers the FrameNet database in reference to the proposed ISO model for linguistic annotation of language resources (ISO TC37 SC4 ) (ISO, 2002;Ide and Romary, 2001b). We provide a data category specification for frame semantics and FrameNet annotations in an RDF-based language. More specifically, we provide a DAML+OIL markup for lexical units, defined as a relation between a lemma and a semantic frame, and frame-to-frame relations, namely Inheritance and Subframes. The paper includes simple examples of FrameNet annotated sentences in an XML/RDF format that references the project-specific data category specification.
Frame Semantics and the FrameNet ProjectFrameNet's goal is to provide, for a significant portion of the vocabulary of contemporary English, a body of semantically and syntactically annotated sentences from which reliable information can be reported on the valences or combinatorial possibilities of each item included. A semantic frame is a script-like structure of inferences, which are linked to the meanings of linguistic units (lexical items). Each frame identifies a set of frame elements (FEs), which are frame-specific semantic roles (participants, props, phases of a state of affairs). Our description of each lexical item identifies the frames which underlie a given meaning and the ways in which the FEs are realized in structures headed by the word. The FrameNet database documents the range of semantic and syntactic combinatory possibilities (valences) of each word in each of its senses, through manual annotation of example sentences and automatic summarization of the resulting annotations. FrameNet I focused on governors, meaning that for the most part, annotation was done in respect to verbs; in FrameNet II, we have been annotating in respect to governed words as well. 1 This paper will explain the theory behind FrameNet, briefly discuss the annotation process, and then describe how the FrameNet data can be represented in RDF, using DAML+OIL, so that researchers on the semantic web can use the data. unit, in our case, a word (in just one of its senses), evokes a particular frame. An "evoked" frame is the structure of knowledge required for the understanding of a given lexical or phrasal item. The frames in question can be simple -small static scenes or states of affairs, simple patterns of contrast, relations between entities and the roles they serve -or possibly quite complex event types that provide the background for words that profile one or more of their phases or participants.For example, the word bartender evokes a scene of service in a setting where alcoholic beverages are consumed, and profiles the person whose role is to prepare and serve these beverages. In a sentence like The bartender asked for my ID, it is the individual who occupies that role that...