Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant type of brain tumor. It has a reputation for being resistant to current treatments, and the prognosis is still bleak. Immunotherapies have transformed the treatment of a variety of cancers, and they provide great hope for glioblastoma, although they have yet to be successful. The justification for immune targeting of glioblastoma and the obstacles that come with treating these immunosuppressive tumors are reviewed in this paper. Cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses (OVs), checkpoint blockade medications, adoptive cell transfer (ACT), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, and nanomedicine-based immunotherapies are among the novel immune-targeting therapies researched in glioblastoma. Key clinical trial outcomes and current trials for each method are presented from a clinical standpoint. Finally, constraints, whether biological or due to trial design, are discussed, along with solutions for overcoming them. In glioblastoma, proof of efficacy for immunotherapy approaches has yet to be demonstrated, but our rapidly growing understanding of the disease's biology and immune microenvironment, as well as the emergence of novel promising combinatorial approaches, may allow researchers to finally meet the medical need for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).
Background: Homocysteine has been under a lot of speculation since its discovery in 1932. The present study was conducted to assess the role of homocysteine in coronary heart disease. Materials and methods: 76 patients of coronary heart disease of both genders were included. The body mass index was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)2. Blood pressures were measured. Serum total homocysteine was measured. Serum total and HDL cholesterol were determined with standard methods. Serum creatinine was determined with a modified Jaffe´ method. Results: Out of 76 patients, males were 52 and females were 24. The mean BMI (Kg/m2) was 25.4, SBP (mm Hg) was 154.2, DBP (mm Hg) was 86.4, serum cholesterol (mmol/L) was 6.52, serum HDL (mmol/L) was 1.08, serum creatinine (µmmol/L) was 112.9. Co-morbidities comprise of hypertension in 34, diabetes mellitus in 8, myocardial infarction in 14, stroke in 7 and smoking in 26. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Crude value was 1.09 and adjusted value was 1.56 in CHD and crude value was 1.88, adjusted value was 1.27, normotensive adjusted value was 6.17 and hypertensive adjusted value was 1.64. Conclusion:A high homocysteine level is common and is strongly associated with the prevalence of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease.
Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder that affects ~1–2% of the global population, leading to presentation in the emergency room. The neuroimaging modalities have an important application in diagnosing new onset unprovoked seizures and epilepsy. This article discusses the various neuroimaging modalities for diagnosing seizures and epilepsy and addresses that the MRI is the investigation of choice, and urgent imaging is more commonly done by computed tomography in patients with new-onset seizures. The goal of the article was to diagnose seizures and epilepsy for early intervention to prevent complications or damage to the brain. MRI detects even small cortical epileptogenic lesions, whereas computed tomography is used in screening, diagnosis, evaluation, and monitoring of the prognosis of seizures in children. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides biochemical measurements of reduced N-acetyl aspartate and increased creatinine and choline in dysfunctioning epileptic zones. Volumetric MRI is very sensitive and specific in determining seizures originating in extratemporal and extrahippocampal sites. Even though diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging has a limited role, it is used in specific pediatric patient groups with temporal lobe epilepsy. Functional radionuclide imaging modalities (positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computerized tomography) are increasingly significant for the identification of the epileptic region. Furthermore, the authors recommend the use of artificial intelligence and further research on imaging modalities for early diagnosis of seizures and epilepsy.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.