To evaluate the presence of biofilm-specific antibiotic-resistant genes, PA0756-0757, PA5033 and PA2070 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples in Tamil Nadu. For this cross-sectional study, 24 clinical isolates (included pus, urine, wound, and blood) were collected from two diagnostic centers in Chennai from May 2015 to February 2016. Biofilm formation was assessed using microtiter dish biofilm formation assay and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined for planktonic and biofilm cells (MBC assay). Further, PCR amplification of biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance genes PA0756-0757, PA5033 and PA2070 were performed. Biofilm formation was found to be moderate/strong in 16 strains. MBC for planktonic cells showed that 4, 7, 10 and 14 strains were susceptible to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, meropenem and colistin respectively. In MBC assay for biofilm cells (MBC-B), all the 16 biofilm producing strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin whereas nine and four were resistant to meropenem, and colistin respectively. The biofilm-specific antibiotic-resistant genes PA0756-0757 was found in 10 strains, 6 strains with PA5033 and 9 strains with PA2070 that were found to be resistant phenotypically. This study highlighted the importance of biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance genes PA0756-0757, PA5033, and PA2070 in biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa.

Background: Many research works are being carried out in preparing intracanal medicaments using herbal plants since it is safe as well as containing a better therapeutic value. The present study was designed to evaluate the anticandidal properties of the leaves of Garcinia imberti bourd in associated with the root canal infection. Method: Totally 94 root canal infected samples were collected and their previous history also recorded. Samples yielded Candida isolates were screened through drug resistant study. Multi drug-resistant Candida albicans was isolated and characterized by 18S rDNA sequencing. An antifungal activity of the extracts of the leaves of G.imberti bourd was performed by disc diffusion method. Using Silica-60 column active fraction of the methanol extract was partially purified and was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Prepare intracanal medicament with methanol extract of G.imberti bourd and was tested with multidrug-resistant C.albicans (Ca-09) under in-vitro conditions using decoronated teeth. Efficacy also compared with chlorohexidine. Result: A total of 48 Candida sp. were isolated and screened for antibiotic susceptible test. Among them isolate Ca -09 showed multiple antibiotic resistant. Crude methanol fraction of G. imberti bourd leaf extract, as well as the partially purified compound of this extract, showed better anticandidal activity. 0.01g of methanol extract with 2% methyl cellulose gel showed significant reduction (63%) of C.albicans in in-vitro intracanal treatment. Conclusion: Methanol extract of Garcinia imberti bourd leaf contains glycerine, which can be used in preparing the suitable intracanal medicament for the treatment of root canal infection.

Objectives:To analyze the interactions of modeled Beta-lactamase from Staphylococcus sciuri with phytochemical compounds from medicinal plant, Garcinia imberti in the docked complex. Methods: The protein-protein blast (BLASTP) analysis of target sequence of Beta-lactamase protein from Staphylococcus sciuri, against protein data bank (PDB) resulted that the X-ray crystal structure of beta-lactamase from Staphylococcus aureus was carried out. The sequence alignment was performed to build the initial model of Beta-lactamase protein from Staphylococcus sciuri using Modeler 9v9 by applying spatial restraints from the initial structure, a bundle of 3 models were developed using random generation for further analysis. The Ramachandran plot of the energy minimized model of Beta-lactamase protein from Staphylococcus sciuri was also carried out. The modeled Betalactamase protein from S. sciurii was subjected to difference of Gaussian (DoG) site scorer to predict the possible binding sites. Results: The results indicate that 4-Butylanisole and trans-9-Octadecene exhibited promising inhibitory activity. The docking studies also implies that the conserved amino acids Glutamine and Asparagine, Lysine and Phenyl alanine in the active site of beta-lactamase are critical in binding compounds with these receptor. These docking interactions implies that the =O (keto group) present in the compounds and NH (amino group) on the amino acids favors the H bond interactions. Conclusion: The present findings throws light for the design of novel beta lactamase inhibitor compounds with antimicrobial activity envisages that the amino acids Glutamine (Q) and Asparagine (N), Lysine (L) and Phenyl alanine (F) should be considered during its design for implying its action as a best antimicrobial compound to target S. sciurii.

Groove in the palatal vault makes an abnormal communication between oral and nasal cavity is known as oro-facial cleft. It is an uncommon presentation in day-to-day clinical practice. According to World Health Organization, children with the complaint of oro-facial clefts found to be high in India. Children are commonly suffering from functional and aesthetical problems due to Oro-facial clefting. Globally, an estimated 200,000 babies are born with a cleft lip, palate or both each year in the United States. Etiology may be congenital or acquired. Palatal and Alveolar cleft defects are the most common etiological factors. Cleft lip and cleft palate can sometimes develop in combination with a syndrome due to genetic causes. The acquired causes may be infections, trauma, postsurgical complications, neoplasms, periapical pathology, radio and chemo necrosis. Clinical features like defective speech, and upper respiratory tract and ear infections, fetid odor, bad taste, nasal regurgitation of food are the associated consequences of oro-nasal communication. Therefore, this malformation syndrome is an important public health problem. Many cleft palate and cleft lip develops due to the combination of genetic and environmental factors. There are more than 400 genes linked to formation of cleft lip and palate. Some environmental factors associated with cleft include medications, deficiency of folic acid, and cigarette, drugs or alcohol conception   during pregnancy. In this article we review the anatomy, embryology, epidemiology clinical manifestations and treatment options of the oro-facial cleft Key words: Oro-facial Cleft, Classification, , Anatomy , Embryology, Morphology, Incidence, Congenital Anomaly