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Over four billion episodes of diarrhea occur annually in developing countries with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) outbreaks also being reported, until now bacterial diarrhea is conventionally addressed by the antibiotic treatment regimes. In recent decades, the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains has become a major obstacle in diarrheal treatment; hence, novel and ideal therapeutics are needed. Notably, 80% of DEC is resistant to first-class antibiotics. Among the existing strategies, passive immunization is considered as an alternative to combat drug-resistant bacteria. Antibodies specific to an antigen can be used for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. In this review, we have systematically discussed the effect of passive immunotherapy to combat DEC and explored the types and advancements in antibodies used against antibiotic-resistant DEC.

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Antibody research field has dramatically revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry for diagnosis and therapeutic applications. Ever since after the approval of first monoclonal antibody by US-FDA, researchers have been extensively working on this new class of drugs called antibodies. Owing to its inexpensive, fast production of no ethical concern, IgY from avian source i.e., chicken-IgY has attracted many researchers. Nevertheless, the combination of deploying nanoparticle and IgY-technology has a great potential in making tremendous impact in combating the issues of biosensing and antibody delivery. The so-called nano-immunotherapy, that uses nanoparticles as a carrier to safely and effectively transport IgY antibodies to the target region, may be the most cutting-edge, sophisticated, effective, and best method to address antibody delivery-related problems. Utilizing the proper moieties, functionalized nanomaterials can help improve the localization of antibodies at a specific site, thereby reducing off-targeting problems, protect them from enzyme-mediated degradation, lessen side effects, and decrease the frequency of dosage by high loadings in a single dose. Overall, this review presents the so-far postulated frameworks on the usage of nanomaterials with IgY for diagnostic and therapeutic applications thereby discussing the immediate need in shifting the paradigm of employing nano-IgY technology to set a benchmark in healthcare industry.

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