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This investigation provided evidence for, and confirmed the efficacy of, K. longipedunculata, a traditionally used Chinese medicinal plant for the treatment of inflammation and infection.

The essential oil of B. marginatum exhibited a promising anti-inflammatory activity along with strong cytotoxicity against many cancer cells (CCRF-CEM and HepG2) mediated through induction of apoptosis, and this in-vitro activity make its local traditional uses rational. However, its limited antimicrobial activity indicates that a combination with other drugs is essential for effective use. Further selectivity testing is required to evaluate the effect of the oil against normal cells.

The essential oil of B. marginatum exhibited a promising anti-inflammatory activity along with strong cytotoxicity against many cancer cells (CCRF-CEM and HepG2) mediated through induction of apoptosis, and this in-vitro activity make its local traditional uses rational. However, its limited antimicrobial activity indicates that a combination with other drugs is essential for effective use. Further selectivity testing is required to evaluate the effect of the oil against normal cells.

The volatile secondary metabolites of essential oils from fruit peel and leaves of variegated pink-fl eshed lemon (Citrus x limon) were investigated using GLC and GLC-MS (gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy). Altogether 141 compounds were identifi ed and quantifi ed, accounting for 99.59% and 96.33% of the total hydrodistilled peel and leaf oil, respectively. Limonene occurred in higher amounts in fruit peel (52.73%) than in leaf oil (29.13%). Neral (12.72%), neryl acetate (8.53%), ρ-menth-1-en-7-al (4.63%), β-pinene (6.35%), and nerol (4.42%) were the most abundant constituents in leaf oil, whereas γ-terpinene (9.88%), β-pinene (7.67%), geranial (4.44%), and neral (3.64%) dominated in the fruit peel oil. The antioxidant, anti-infl ammatory, antitrypanosomal, and antimicrobial activities of the fruit peel essential oil were evaluated. The oil had a low antioxidant activity with an IC 50 value of (26.66 ± 2.07) mg/ml as compared to the effi cient antioxidant ascorbic acid [IC 50 (16.32 ± 0.16) μg/ml]. The oil moderately inhibited soybean 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) with an IC 50 value of (32.05 ± 3.91) μg/ml and had moderate antitrypanosomal activity [IC 50 (60.90 ± 0.91) μg/ml]. In addition, moderate antimicrobial activities were detected against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus capitis, Micrococcus luteus), one Gram-negative bacterium (Pseudomonas fl uorescens), and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida parapsilosis).

The volatile secondary metabolites of essential oils from fruit peel and leaves of variegated pink-fleshed lemon (Citrus x limon) were investigated using GLC and GLC-MS (gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy). Altogether 141 compounds were identified and quantified, accounting for 99.59% and 96.33% of the total hydrodistilled peel and leaf oil, respectively. Limonene occurred in higher amounts in fruit peel (52.73%) than in leaf oil (29.13%). Neral (12.72%), neryl acetate (8.53%), p-menth-1-en-7-al (4.63%), beta-pinene (6.35%), and nerol (4.42%) were the most abundant constituents in leaf oil, whereas gamma-terpinene (9.88%), beta-pinene (7.67%), geranial (4.44%), and neral (3.64%) dominated in the fruit peel oil. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitrypanosomal, and antimicrobial activities of the fruit peel essential oil were evaluated. The oil had a low antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of (26.66 +/- 2.07) mg/ml as compared to the efficient antioxidant ascorbic acid [IC50 (16.32 +/- 0.16) microg/ml]. The oil moderately inhibited soybean 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) with an IC50 value of (32.05 +/- 3.91) microg/ml and had moderate antitrypanosomal activity [IC50 (60.90 +/- 0.91) microg/ml]. In addition, moderate antimicrobial activities were detected against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus capitis, Micrococcus luteus), one Gram-negative bacterium (Pseudomonas fluorescens), and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida parapsilosis).

Low mathematical representation ability can affect the way students understand the mathematical problems faced and affect how to solve these problems. The purpose of this study is to describe the mathematical representation abilities of junior high school students in solving a problem. A total of 3 students were used as subjects in this study. The three students represent students with high, medium, and low mathematical abilities. Using a qualitative descriptive research methodology with tests and interviews as research data collection techniques. Students with the high mathematical ability category can achieve the indicator of symbolic representation ability very well, but have not been able to achieve the indicators of overall verbal and image representation abilities. Students in the moderate mathematical ability category have not been able to meet the indicators of overall image, symbolic, and verbal representation skills. The student's representation ability in the low mathematical ability category also did not meet the three indicators of representation ability properly.Abstrak: Kemampuan representasi matematis yang rendah dapat mempengaruhi cara siswa dalam memahami permasalahan matematis yang dihadapi serta mempengaruhi bagaimana cara menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mendeskripsikan bagaimana kemampuan representasi matematis yang dimiliki siswa SMP dalam menyelesaikan suatu permasalahan. Sebanyak 3 siswa dijadikan subjek dalam penelitian ini. Ketiga siswa tersebut mewakili siswa dengan kemampuan matematis tinggi, sedang, dan rendah. Menggunakan metodologi penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan tes dan wawancara sebagai teknik pengumpulan data penelitian. Siswa dengan kategori kemampuan matematis tinggi dapat mencapai indikator kemampuan representasi simbolik dengan sangat baik, namun belum dapat mencapai indikator kemampuan representasi gambar dan verbal secara keseluruhan. Siswa pada kategori kemampuan matematis sedang belum mampu memenuhi indikator kemampuan representasi gambar, simbolik, dan verbal secara keseluruhan. Kemampuan reprsentasi siswa pada kategori kemampuan matematis rendah juga belum memenuhi ketiga indikator kemampuan representasi dengan baik.