Indigenous Public Administration (IPA) has attracted researchers' attention and awareness of the importance of developing contextual theory and practice of public administration, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. IPA emerges in many developing countries since the concept, theory and practice of Western Public Administration (WPA) have failed to respond to local issues, and therefore WPA practice is considered irrelevant. Basically, IPA is a constructed concept to fill a vacant space that unoccupied by Western Public Administration (WPA). This descriptive qualitative study aims to explain and criticize the theory and practice of IPA and WPA. The data were gathered from books, journals, institution reports, regulations and other relevant writings of organizations, professionals, and academicians. The technique of data analysis was based on a data analysis spiral. It reveals that IPA applies to countries such as Indonesia and China. In both countries, the practice of IPA helps to overcome public issues concerning social, economic, and political. It is expected that the findings of this study will pave the way for developing both concept and theory of IPA and responding to more complex society and government's demands and needs.
Abstrak Pandemi COVID-19 merupakan tantangan besar yang dihadapi seluruh negara di dunia sejak tahun 2020. Kebijakan sosial menjadi instrumen kebijakan paling penting pada masa pandemi. Pandemi COVID-19 memiliki karakteristik dinamis, eksponensial, serta dipenuhi kompleksitas dan ketidakpastian. Hal ini membuat implementasi kebijakan sosial perlu dilakukan dengan dasar tata kelola adaptif (adaptive governance). Studi ini melakukan analisis komparatif terhadap implementasi kebijakan sosial di Indonesia dan Brazil pada periode pandemi. Analisis dilakukan berdasarkan 7 indikator tata kelola adaptif yang dioperasikan dalam flexible arrangements dan barriers to flexible arrangements. Temuan dari studi ini menunjukkan bahwa di Indonesia, proses kebijakan, konten kebijakan, dan struktur organisasi bersifat fleksibel. Namun, terdapat konflik kepentingan, ketidakjelasan distribusi kewenangan, ketidakjelasan distribusi biaya & manfaat, dan distrust. Sementara di Brazil, konten kebijakan fleksibel namun proses kebijakan dan struktur organisasi tidak fleksibel. Selain itu, terdapat konflik kepentingan dan distrust, namun tidak terdapat ketidakjelasan distribusi kewenangan maupun distribusi biaya & manfaat. Kata Kunci: Pandemi, COVID-19, Adaptive Governance, Kebijakan Sosial. Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is a major challenge faced by countries worldwide since 2020. Social policy, therefore, becomes an important policy instrument. Characteristically, the pandemic is dynamic, exponential, and filled with complexity and uncertainty. This makes adaptive governance crucial to the implementation of social policies. This study compares the implementation of social policies in Indonesia and Brazil during the pandemic. The analysis is based on 7 indicators of adaptive governance, operationalized in flexible arrangements and barriers to flexible arrangements. The findings shows that in Indonesia, the policy process, policy content, and organizational structure are flexible. However, there are conflicts of interest, unclear distribution of authority, unclear distribution of costs & benefits, and distrust. In Brazil, the policy content is flexible, while the policy process and organizational structure are not. Conflict of interest and distrust are present, while the distribution of authority and distribution of costs & benefits are clear. Keywords: Pandemic, COVID-19, Adaptive Governance, Social Policy.
The COVID-19 pandemic has driven the development of the implementation of surveillance states in various countries worldwide. As various countries go all out to control the spread of the pandemic, the central pillar used in controlling the pandemic is tracking social mobility and collecting citizen data on a massive scale. The development of digital surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic has increasingly heated the debate regarding the dilemma between public security and citizens’ privacy. Indonesia’s PeduliLindungi is a mobile phone application that played a central role as the instrument for pandemic surveillance. This study aims to analyze PeduliLindungi as the object of research. The analysis focuses on whether PeduliLindungi is more likely based on the principles of open government or surveillance state. This study concludes that when viewed based on the features of the PeduliLindungi application, the terms and conditions of use of the application, to the privacy policy applied by the PeduliLindungi application, the PeduliLindungi application is more oriented toward open government rather than a surveillance state. Keywords: pandemic COVID-19, public security, personal privacy, PeduliLindungi, open government, surveillance state
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