Introduction: Photodynamic inactivation has been developed to kill pathogenic microbes. In addition, some techniques have been introduced to minimize the biofilm resistance to antifungal properties in inhibiting cell growth. The principle of photodynamic inactivation different to antifungal drugs therapy which is resistant to biofilms. The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that generating in photodynamic inactivation mechanisms can be damaging of biofilm cells and the principle of light transmission that could be penetrating in matrix layers of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) until reaching the target cells at the base layers of biofilm. The present work aims to explore the potential of chlorophyll extract of papaya leaf as an exogenous photosensitizer to kill the Candida albicans biofilms after being activated by the laser. The potential of chlorophyll photosensitizer was evaluated based on the efficacy of inactivation C. albicans biofilm cell through a cell viability test and an organic compound test. Methods: The treatment of photoinactivation was administered to 12 groups of C. albicans biofilm for four days using the 445 nm laser and the 650 nm laser. The 445 nm and 650 nm lasers activated the chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf (0.5 mg/L) at the same energy density. The energy density variation was determined as 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 J/cm2 with the duration of exposure of each laser adjusted to the absorbance percentage of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf. Results: The absorbance percentage of chlorophyll extracts of the papaya leaf on wavelengths of 650 nm and 445 nm respectively were 22.26% and 60.29%, respectively. The most effective treated group was a group of the laser with the addition of chlorophyll, done by the 650 nm lasers with inactivation about 32% (P=0.001), while the 445 nm lasers only 25% (P=0.061). The maximum malondialdehyde levels by treatment of the laser 650 nm were (0.046±0.004) nmol/mg. Conclusion: The use of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf as a photosensitizer, resulted in the maximum spectrum of absorption at 414 nm and 668 nm, which produced a maximum reduction effect after photoinactivation up to 32% (with chlorophyll) and 25% (without chlorophyll). The utilization of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf would increase the antifungal effects with the activation by the diode laser in the biofilm of C. albicans

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This study aims to determine and analyze the quality control phantom chart of a CT-scan plane from the CT number's accuracy, the CT number's uniformity, and the uniformity of noise against the phantom. The AAPM CT Performance Phantom with the model 610 offers a single object to measure several different CT performance parameters. The Phantom design is based on the guidelines presented in the AAPM. From the measurement results, the accuracy of the CT number is still following the tolerance standard; namely, the value of passing the test ± 4 for the accuracy of the CT number, and the value of passing the test 2 is the uniformity of the CT number. Based on the Standard Regulations of the Head of the Nuclear Energy Supervisory Agency, stating that the value of accuracy and uniformity of the CT number from the CT scan image obtained in research conducted on a multi-slice CT scan plane at the Radiology Installation of the Makassar Haji Regional General Hospital shows the value of passing the test or still within PERKA BAPETEN standard.

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Chlorophyll compounds have been widely developed in photoinactivation research as organic photosensitizer agents, especially those extracted from green plants. Besides being natural and containing antimicrobial substances, the characteristic electronic properties of chlorophyll atomic have a long lifetime at the triplet level, so it is highly probable to produce Reactive Oxygen Singlet (ROS) while light activates. This phenomenon can potentially be applied in the mechanism of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) or Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) in various types of pathogenic bacteria that trigger infectious diseases. Laser light that activates photosensitizer molecules produces singlet oxygen which is reactive and toxic to microbial pathogens. In this study, will be found the efficacy of Jatropha leaf extracts combinate nano silver to inactivate biofilm cells of Staphylococcus epidermidis after being inducted by a red laser. Analysis of the research data quantitatively and qualitatively described the reduction in the number of biofilm cells and damage to the morphology of the biofilm cells with various energy radiant lasers applied through a scanning electron microscope (SEM) profile. The results showed that the photosensitizer agent, which combined Jatropha extracts with nano silver, obtained an inhibitory effect of 60% for the non-oxygenated group and 80% for the oxygenated group.

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