Background: CD133 is a commonly used cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in breast cancer. However, the association between CD133 expression, with clinicopathological features and prognosis in breast cancer, is poorly understood in the Indian subcontinent. This study was designed to explore the expression of CD 133 in breast carcinoma and to know its association between CD133 and clinicopathological characteristics. Methods: A total of fifty seven cases were included in the study. All the clinicopathological parameters were collected from Department of Pathology archives. Slides, blocks, clinical information, tumor size and axillary lymph node status were obtained from medical records and the pathology reports. Immunohistochemistry was done using CD 133 antibodies. Both Cytoplasmic and membranous staining was taken a positive. Scoring was done based on percentage of positive cells and intensity of staining. MS Excel, SPSS version 22 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Somers NY, USA) was used to analyze data.p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Statistically significant association between the CD 133 expression and nodal metastasis, tumor stage and Nottingham prognostic index was analysed. There was no statistical correlation between CD 133 expression age, tumor grade and tumor size. The disease free survival showed the mean disease free survival of CD 133 positivity cases was 16months. And the patients who were negative for CD 133 expression had mean survival of 30 months. By the Kaplan Mayer graph it was evident that the more the CD 133 expression the lesser was the disease free survival of the patients. Conclusion: CD 133 expression was seen in 77.08% cases and was associated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, poor Nottingham prognostic index and worse disease free survival. An increasing trend of association was seen between CD 133 expression and Age, Tumor Size and Tumor grade.
Background Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in cancer metastasis. In EMT, there is downregulation of E-cadherin, an intracellular adhesion molecule, as well as mutations in beta-catenin genes. On immunohistochemistry (IHC), the expression of CD44 portrays stem cell differentiation, which, in turn, is strongly associated with EMT. Thus, newer targeted therapies can be advised based on the expression of EMT and stem cell differentiation. Aims and objectives To determine the IHC expression of E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and CD44 in colorectal adenocarcinoma and find the association of the IHC expression of E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and CD44 with the histopathological grade, stage, lymph node metastasis, and lymphovascular invasion of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Materials and methods Fifty histologically proven cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma from 2016 to 2021 were included in this study, and clinicopathological data including age, gender, grading, TNM (tumour, node, and metastasis) staging, and lymph node metastasis were collected and hematoxylin and eosin slides were reviewed. IHC staining for E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and CD44 was done for all cases using the peroxidase and anti-peroxidase method, and the results were analysed. Results Peak incidence occurred in the 61-70 years age group (36%), and the most common site of the tumour was the rectal area (48%). The majority of the cases were in TNM stage II (37.3%), and a low expression of E-cadherin was found to be associated with higher T stage (p = 0.03), TNM staging (p = 0.04), as well as the presence of lymph node metastasis (p = 0.006). High beta-catenin expression was observed to have a significant correlation with a higher T stage (p = 0.006) and TNM staging (p = 0.005), while high CD44 expression was found to be associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.01). Altered expression of EMT-related proteins (E-cadherin and beta-catenin) showed a significant correlation with higher T stage (p = 0.03), TNM staging (p = 0.016), and lymph node metastasis (0.04). Conclusions EMT and cancer stem cell IHC markers are biomarkers for aggressive tumour growth and lymph node metastasis. Hence, EMT markers (E-cadherin and beta-catenin) and cancer stem cell markers (CD44) can be used as prognostic markers.
Lipoma is one of the commonest benign mesenchymal tumors in body and found almost in all organs where the fat exists. It is usually small but giant lipomas can be present in thigh, shoulder and trunk. The present study describes a 46 year old male with a huge mass right loin which on histopathology revealed features suggestive of lipoma.
To ascertain different etiologies for abdominal pain in dengue fever with their respective incidence and their management. Patients and Methods: Patients admitted with dengue fever (Confirmed by ELISA or NS1Ag) with pain abdomen in our hospital were included in the study. The cause of pain abdomen ascertained clinically and by following test: Pancreatitis -amylase, lipase, USG, CECT, Hepatitis -liver function test, Hollow viscous perforation Erect -X-ray abdomen, Cholecystitis -USG, Appendicitis -TLC, USG. Results: Out of total cases (n=214) included into the study features of acalculous cholecystitis were seen in 122 (58%) patients, pancreatitis in 24 (11.5%), appendicitis in 4 (1.9%), hepatitis: 27 (12.9%) non-specific in 33 (15.7%) patients. All of the patients were managed conservatively and regularly followed up till they became asymptomatic. None of the patients required any surgical intervention. All the patients responded well to conservative line of management and were discharged. Conclusions: Abdominal pain developing in dengue patients mimics many of surgical emergencies like cholecystitis, appendicitis, hepatitis, pancreatitis. Most of these patients respond well to conservative line of management with I.V fluids, antibiotics, analgesics without the need for any surgical intervention. Hastily taken decisions with operative management for such patients have led to serious consequences in the past. Our study supports conservative line of management in such scenarios and advocates avoidance of surgical option. Our study also throws light on the various modes of presentations, with their respective percentages.
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