Objective:The aim of this study was to examine if there are qualitative differences in the appearance of external root resorption patterns of primary teeth undergoing physiologic resorption and permanent teeth undergoing pathological root resorption in different conditions.Material and Methods:A total of 40 teeth undergoing external root resorption in different conditions were divided into 4 groups and prepared for examination under scanning electron microscopy at magnifications ranging from 20x to 1000x. Group I: 10 primary molars exfoliated due to physiologic root resorption; Group II: 10 permanent teeth with periapical granulomas showing signs of resorption; Group III:10 permanent teeth therapeutically extracted during the course of orthodontic therapy with evidence of resorption, and Group IV: 10 permanent teeth associated with odontogenic tumors that showed evidence of resorption.Results:In Group I, the primary teeth undergoing resorption showed smooth extensive and predominantly regular areas reflecting the slow ongoing physiologic process. In Group II, the teeth with periapical granulomas showed the resorption was localized to apex with a funnel shaped appearance in most cases. Teeth in Group III, which had been subjected to a short period of light orthodontic force, showed the presence of numerous resorption craters with adjoining areas of cemental repair in some cases. Teeth associated with odontogenic tumors in Group IV showed many variations in the patterns of resorption with extensive loss of root length and a sharp cut appearance of the root in most cases.Conclusion:Differences were observed in the patterns of external root resorption among the studied groups of primary and permanent teeth under physiologic and pathological conditions.

Objectives. Compare the total salivary Streptococci and Lactobacilli counts in cle and noncle children with differing caries experiences, correlate the bacterial counts with dm/DMFT status and identify the different biotypes of Mutans Streptococci (MS). Patients. Group I included thirty subjects with dental caries (DC) and cle lip and palate (CL/P); Group II had thirty subjects with DC but without CL/P. Group III comprised a control of thirty subjects with neither DC nor CL/P. Methodology. Enumeration of total salivary Streptococci and Lactobacilli was done by the plate count method and correlation of counts with dm/ DMFT status examined. Differences in biochemical reactions were used to identify the biotypes. Results. Streptococci colonies in CL/P children with caries (64.30 ± 24.52) was signi�cantly higher than in children with no CL/P or caries (45.57 ± 16.73). No signi�cant differences in the Lactobacilli count were observed. dm/DMFT status and Streptococci counts showed a strong positive correlation whereas Lactobacilli counts showed a moderate correlation. S. mutans was the predominant biotype. Conclusions. Higher total salivary Streptococci and Lactobacilli counts exist in cle subjects with caries than in the non-cle subjects. Positive correlation between dm/DMFT scores and salivary Streptococci reinforces its role in DC. S. mutans and S. sobrinus are the biotypes more frequently associated with dental caries in children.

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More reliable and validated method of assessment is the need of the hour for better summative evaluation of the students of pharmaceutical sciences. Competency or outcome based education models rely heavily on assessment methods. The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) fits in to the gap and fulfills the requirement of testing the clinical/practical skills in more objective way. This review explores steps in planning and implementing an OSCE for institutes as well as high stakes exams. Organizations like Pharmacy Council of India and All India Council for Technical Education can develop guidelines to implement OSCE.

NAM helped reduce the severity of the cleft deformity in the BCLP infant and facilitated an easier and esthetic single stage primary surgical repair.

Objective: To evaluate oral and manual somatosensory perception in skeletal anterior open bite (SAOB) subjects. Methods: 14 adults with SAOB were tested for oral and manual stereognostic ability using stimuli of varying shape, texture and density. A custom device was used for two point discrimination (TPD) testing. Skeletal Class I subjects with normal overbite served as controls. Time taken and accuracy of identification were noted for stereognosis tests (ST) and distance for TPD. Mann Whitney U tested for differences in the two groups. Spearman's rank correlation was used for association between variables. Results: Response time for oral ST ranged from 2seconds to 60seconds in SAOB subjects and 2 seconds to 37seconds in control group. Response time for manual ST ranged from 2seconds to 40.4 seconds in SAOB subjects and 2seconds to 24seconds in control group. Mann Whitney showed the difference was not statistically significant (p≤0.05) between groups in both manual and oral ST. Spearman's correlation test showed no correlation between response time and extent of open bite. Frequency of incorrect responses for ST was greater in SAOB. Minimal errors were noted in identification of texture and maximum for identification of cross shape in ST. TPD ranged from 1mm to 5 mm at different sites. Conclusions: Impairment in oral sterognostic ability is noted in subjects with SAOB though no association is seen between the severity of SAOB and sterognostic ability. Complexity of test shape was found to have the greatest influence on sensory perception regardless of the presence of SAOB in both manual and oral sensory tests.Copy Right, IJAR, 2017,. All rights reserved.

The cleft alveolus component of the oral cleft deformity is addressed with a separate surgical stage. Several host and operator related factors affect the surgical outcome. When factors that increase the likelihood of secondary alveolar bone graft failure are identified, alterative methods like dentoalveolar distraction (DAD) may be employed. In infants, molding of the alveolar segments is possible and when a synergistic surgical approach is used, the possibility of successful alveolar cleft repair is increased. The authors present two case reports wherein the use of nasoalveolar molding (NAM) and DAD helped to tackle the alveolar cleft deformity.