This article presents a brief note on the evolution of steering mechanisms and more emphasized on articulated steering system of the load haul dump machine. In this respect, pictorial representation of the evolution of steering mechanisms for on-road and articulated steering mechanisms of the load haul dump machine is made from the available literature. Critical review on basic elements required for the complete automation of the load haul dump vehicle steering system is presented. Different types of controllers for path tracking error minimization of the scale-modeled or simulated model of the load haul dump steering system are tabulated. Few case studies stimulating the complete automation of the load haul dump steering system employed on the field are also discussed. Challenges and some research gaps in making fully automated steering system of the load haul dump machine are identified in this review article. At the end, based on the critical review, some novel methods for making the fully automated steering system of the load haul dump machine is provided, which is the potential future work for the design and development of feasible automatic steering system.
Articulated steering system of a load haul dump (LHD) machine is made possible with the help of one/two hydraulic cylinders mounted between the two body sections. The present article investigates the variables affecting the steering performance like maximum possible steering angle (MPSA) and minimum steering force at articulated joint. In this respect, the geometrical approach is adopted to study the steering system of the LHD machine, and how the actuator mounting points influence the steering performance. Based on the study, MATLAB® code has been developed for finding the optimum mounting points of the steering actuators for MPSA. 3D model of the LHD machine is developed based on the optimum points obtained from the MATLAB ® program. The force analysis of the 3D model is carried out in ADAMS environment. Based on the results, it is found that the steering cylinders with inward type offer MPSA and minimum steering force. Also, the optimization technique illustrates that the maximum steering angle may be achieved up to 58°, which leads to angle increase by 28% of the existing LHD machine.
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