Bimetallic
Ag–Cu alloy microflowers with tunable surface
compositions were fabricated as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
(SERS) substrates with a limit of detection in the zeptomolar range
for the analyte molecule rhodamine 6G (R6G). The substrates were prepared
on a glass coverslip through a bottom-up strategy by simple thermolysis
of metal-alkyl ammonium halide precursors. The reaction temperature
and composition of the alloy were varied sequentially to find out
the maximum SERS efficiency from the substrates. While UV–vis
spectroscopy was employed to characterize the optical properties of
the substrates, the bulk and surface compositions of the microflowers
were determined using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF)
and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques, respectively.
Also, the structural and morphological characterizations of the substrates
were performed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope
(SEM), respectively. For alloys, the ED-XRF studies confirmed that
the bulk compositions matched with the feed ratio, while the surface
compositions were found to be rich in copper in the form of both elementary
copper and copper oxide, as revealed by XPS studies. From the efficiency
studies for different compositions prepared, it was found that 10%
Ag–Cu alloy microflowers produced the maximum SERS intensity
for resonant R6G molecules as probes. In fact, R6G evidences a 50-fold
enhancement in SERS spectra with 10% alloy microflowers as against
pure Ag microflowers. Using 1, 2, 3-benzotriazole as a nonresonant
Raman probe, uniform enhancement factors on the order of ≈108 were achieved from different parts of the 10% Ag–Cu
alloy microflower. The same substrate showed excellent Raman response
for detecting R6G at very low concentrations such as 10 zM, leading
to detection and analysis of SERS spectra from a single R6G molecule.
We have demonstrated the synthesis, characterization, and application of nitrogen-doped red-emitting carbon dots (NRCDs) for dual sensing of indium (In 3+ ) and palladium (Pd 2+ ) in water. The detection of In 3+ was associated with "turn-on" fluorescence response with a red shift, while in the presence of Pd 2+ , the fluorescence intensity of NRCDs was quenched to show a "turnoff" response. The interaction of NRCDs with the metal ions was investigated using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy studies. The synthesized nanoprobes possessed good biocompatibility and photostability and were found to be suitable candidates for bioimaging due to their emission profiles in the near-infrared (NIR) window. Applicability of the asprepared NRCDs was demonstrated in the NIR region when they were loaded in vesicle membranes with and without cations and subjected to confocal imaging successfully.
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