Settlement and recruitment of benthic marine invertebrates are complex processes, determined by the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors which operate at different temporal and spatial scales. This review analyses the settlement process, attempting to integrate aspects related to different levels of organization (i.e. ecological-physiological-molecular). This is important because many factors that act at any of these levels and at different times can explain by themselves the patterns of settlement andlor recruitment of a large number of species. From an ecological perspective, progress has been made in the identification of causal factors of vanations in larval availability for settlement. Many physical and ethological factors that act during settlement have, however, not received much attention. Likewise, since the great majority of settlement studies have been carried out at restricted spatial scales, fewer works consider different biological and physical factors acting at different scales simultaneously. Settlement patterns are frequently inferred from recruitment. In this sense, a density-independent action of post-settlement mortality has been cons~dered as prerequisite for thls type of inference. This has, however, recently been challenged on the basis that settler-recruit and mortality-settler density relationships change in time. At the physiological-molecular level, different settlement-inducing chemical cues have been identified. Those cues have, however, not yet been characterized to understand better the signal transduction mechanisms involved in larval responses. It is likely that the nervous system is involved. The use of artificial inducers would be useful in studying settlement induction, until more effective natural inducers are isolated and characterized Although few studies have analysed the acquisition of competence, stages of larval development have been related to changes in protein patterns or enzymatic levels of the nervous system. An inopportune exposure of larvae to inducers may delay settlement and may even have a negative impact on growth and subsequent survival of juveniles.

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We investigated spatial distnbution and temporal occurrence patterns of Tetrapygus niger in the subtidal zone off the central Chilean coast from March to November 1990. The shallowest portion of the subtidal zone and the shallowest edge of the kelp forest of Lessonia trabeculata appeared to be important recruitment zones for this species We found a s~gnificant number of recruits along the bed border, and a marked decrease of u r c h n abundance toward the center of the kelp Data obtained in September and November outside the kelp bed showed juvenile urchins [i.e. <24 mm test diameter (TD)] strongly associated with crevices. Size-frequency distributions at 2 m depth for those months also showed a large trough of intermediate-sized individuals (i.e. 15 to 30 mm TD). Temporal analysls of size-frequency distributions of individuals collected outs~de the kelp showed a relatively slow shift of modes between March and September and a malor modal shift from September to November. Density values of urchins found in November were relatively low; however, the individuals appeared aggregated.

database containing over 18 million lives (ORIZON, Brazilian Private Health Care, Feefor-service) was assessed (from jan/2015 until dec/2016), of patients who underwent a transcatheter aortic valve replacement (n= 84). Records showed expenditure with material, tax, procedures, medication and diagnostics. The average and median with confidence interval of 95% was adopted. Results: 84 patients made use of TAVI and had complete index hospital bills available (the treatment in Brazil are approval only for inoperable and high-risk patients). The averange cost per patient was BRL 231,972 (include the valve and complications), the cost per day was BRL 9,896 (IC95% 5,579-14,213), and the median LOS was 16 days. Almost 55% of cost was related with other expenses (tax, procedure, others materials and medications. ConClusions: Most of the treatment cost were not related with Device for this reason the avoidance clinical complications should improve the LOS and cost treatment of TAVR for high-risk and inoperable patients.