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UvodPotreba po razumevanju narave in njenih zakonitosti, med katere spadata tudi dinamika in kinematika težnostnih pobo~nih premikov, je v zadnjem ~asu vse ve~ja. Študij le-teh je namenjen predvsem zavarovanju prebivalcev in lastnine pred katastrofalnimi pobo~nimi dogodki. Neposredna povezava med spreminjajo~o se klimo in pobo~nimi procesi se odraža v pogostej{ih naravnih nesre~ah, kar nakazuje potrebo po ve~ji previdnosti pri poseganju ~loveka v ob~utljivo naravno okolje.Drobirski tokovi so le ena oblika gravitacijskih pobo~nih premikanj. V svetu so pogost pojav in nemalokrat povzro~ajo tudi nesre~e s ~love{kimi žrtvami (NAKAGAWA et al., 2001 Izvle~ekNa vr{aju Koro{ka Bela smo v dveh raziskovalnih izkopih opravili popise sedimentov in litolo{ke analize klastov z namenom {tudija geneze vr{aja in ugotavljanja izvora materiala. Vr{aj sestavlja ve~ zaporednih plasti diamiktov in sorodnih subaerskih sedimentov, ki so posledica masnih tokov, v nekaterih primerih zagotovo drobirskih tokov. Material v glavnem izvira iz karbonskih in permskih klasti~nih in deloma karbonatnih kamnin, ki so na primarnih mestih tektonsko poru{ene. V diamiktnih plasteh se pojavljajo tudi prodniki drugih kamnin iz zaledja vr{aja, ki so jih drobirski tokovi na svoji poti erodirali. Potok Bela s svojim zaledjem tudi v prihodnje predstavlja potencialno nevarnost za nastanek drobirskih tokov. AbstractThe Koro{ka Bela alluvial fan deposits were investigated to determine the genesis of the fan and the source area of sediments. The alluvial fan is composed of a sequence of diamicton layers, and related subaeric sediments that were deposited by multiple mass flow events, in some cases certainly by debris flows. The predominant sources of sediments are tectonically deformed clastic and partly carbonate Carbonifferous and Permian rocks. In diamictons also pebbles of other rocks from the hinterland are present. These were eroded from the channel of Bela during the mass flow events. We estimate the future debris flow hazard along Bela stream as high.V okviru ciljnega raziskovalnega projekta »Ocena ogroženosti zaradi delovanja drobirskih tokov« so bili na obmo~ju Karavank v letih 2006 in 2007 raziskani sedimenti {tirih vr{ajev ter njihova zaledja, med njimi tudi vr{aj potoka Bela, na katerem smo izkopali dva raziskovalna izkopa. Sedimenti v izkopih so bili podrobno sedimentolo{ko popisani, vzorci sedimentov litolo{ko analizirani, zaledje potoka Bela pa je bilo geolo{ko pregledano.Ugotovili smo, da vr{aj potoka Bela kot sedimentno telo ni samo posledica kontinuirane fluvialne sedimentacije, pa~ pa tudi in predvsem posledica nenadnih katastrofi~nih tokov pobo~nih sedimentov. Izvor materiala za posamezne gravitacijske dogodke je vezan predvsem na mesta z manj odpornimi kamninami oziroma na mesta, kjer so kamnine tektonsko poru{ene. Heterogena geolo{ka zgradba zaledja dopu{~a tudi možnost razli~nih izvornih obmo~ij. Sedimenti vr{aja so lahko tudi presedimentirani, kar v primeru potoka Bele pomeni, da je izvorni material ledeni-

© iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry IntroductionTraditional land use (agriculture and forestry) is being abandoned in the Alps due to socioeconomic changes, while an increasingly larger area is being used for tourism and infrastructure, which requires protection from natural hazards. Forests provide permanent protective functions, but only if they are properly and sustainably managed (Ott et al. 1997, O'Hara 2006, Mizunaga et al. 2010. There has been a general decline in forest management in Europe (Forest Europe 2010) and in the Alps in particular, where it is difficult to achieve positive economic returns (Schütz 1996). Climate change has increased the frequency of extraordinary weather phenomena, which causes higher risk from natural hazards and weakening of forest stability (Seidl et al. 2011). In many Alpine countries, state subsidies are used to facilitate the management of forests with direct protective functions (Mayer & Ott 1991, Brang et al. 2006. In order to maximize protective effects with minimal costs, a thorough understanding of natural hazards, their impact areas, and the potential role of forests is necessary (Lopez Saez et al. 2011). A detailed delineation of forest areas with direct protective functions is necessary to determine the areas where state subsidies should be directed. In addition, forest profile models must be developed to inform silvicultural measures and to verify their success (Mayer & Ott 1991, Berger & Rey 2004, Frehner et al. 2005.In Switzerland a method for the delineation of forests with direct protection functions was developed as part of the Silvaprotect-CH project: a standardized delineation of protection forests at the state level. The procedure involves multiple, stepwise modules that generate the actual forest areas with direct protection functions (Giamboni & Wehrli 2008). In France, the zoning classification of mountain forests with direct protection functions and the mapping of hazards and prohibition of the construction of infrastructure in risk areas were identified as the most effective preventive approach to ensure the maintenance of protective functions (Berger & Rey 2004). In Austria, a distinction is made between two types of protection forests: site-protection forests and infrastructure-protection forests, the latter also including forests that protect against noise and light pollution (Schima & Singer 2008). Delineation methods of forests in which slope processes (e.g., erosion, landslides, debris flow, etc.) are present differs among the federal states (Ziegner 2002).The negative effects of disturbances are best mitigated by uneven aged forests, where the presence and distribution of trees provide protection against natural hazards, and the ability to replace damaged trees with existing regeneration provides elasticity (O'Hara 2006). For such forests it is necessary to determine a (modified) selection forest target profile. In Switzerland the NaiS -Nachhaltigkeit und Erfolgskontrolle im Schutzwald is used for the management of protection forests (Fr...

The major share of raw materials needed to sustain our present lifestyle and even more importantly, required for the crucial green transition, are sourced outside Europe. The European Commission aims to enhance Europe's resilience and strengthen domestic sourcing. Although Europe has a long tradition of mining and extractive activities, it is acknowledged that there are several challenges to achieve European sourcing of certain raw materials such as the critical raw materials. A basic prerequisite to enable access to domestic raw materials is information on raw material occurrences, current and past mining activities, resources and reserves. The Geological Survey Organisations (GSOs) of Europe play a key role in generating, compiling, gathering, and storing the most up to date information as well as long-term data series on raw materials at national and regional levels. Over the last decade, the GSOs have joined forces and taken essential steps to harmonise and share data on raw materials. The results of this cooperation are illustrated as interactive maps on the European Geological Data Infrastructure (EGDI). This paper describes the data compiled in cooperation between the GSOs, and analyses the strengths and weaknesses of as well as opportunities for and threats towards the data.

Abstract. Airborne geophysics is a promising method for investigating landslides. Here we present a case study of multisensor airborne geophysical survey at the catastrophic landslide Stože near Log pod Mangrtom in Slovenia, which was conducted in the framework of the European FP7th Project "SafeLand". Based on the survey itself and achieved results, we discuss applicability, limits, and benefits and costs of the method for investigating landslides in steep alpine terrains. Despite of several operational constraints, the airborne electromagnetic survey of the area well presented the lithological pattern and water saturation. The high resistivity regions mostly indicated drained slope scree and landslide mass, drained and loosened material of the moraine deposit in the tension zone of the landslide with present cracks and cavities. The minima of the resistivity pattern were attributed to the outcrop of marls rich in clay, to water-saturated moraine deposit above impermeable marls in the tension zone, and to water-saturated porous alluvial gravel and landslide scree along the Koritnica River. The magnetic survey proved to be inapplicable for such a small and rough area. The Potassium and Thorium maps, on the other hand, both well identified the regions of tension inside the landslide zone, outcrops of marls and dolomite, clay-rich colluvium, weathered zones along a regional tectonic fault, and alluvial deposits and deposits of debris flows, and the minima of the 137 Cs clearly revealed the zones of material removal due to recent mass movements.