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Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), a primary approach for evaluating gene expression, requires an appropriate normalization strategy to confirm relative gene expression levels by comparison, and rule out variations that might occur in analytical procedures. The best option is to use a reference gene whose expression level is stable across various experimental conditions to compare the mRNA levels of a target gene. However, there is limited information on how the reference gene is differentially expressed at different ages (growth) in small invertebrates with notable changes such as molting. In this study, expression profiles of nine candidate reference genes from the brackish water flea, Diaphanosoma celebensis, were evaluated under diverse exposure to toxicants and according to growth. As a result, four different algorithms showed similar stabilities of genes for chemical exposures in the case of limited conditions using the same developmental stage (H2A was stable, whereas Act was fairly unstable in adults), while the results according to age showed a significantly different pattern in suite of candidate reference genes. This affected the results of genes EcRA and GST, which are involved in development and detoxification mechanisms, respectively. Our finding is the first step towards establishing a standardized real-time qRT-PCR analysis of this environmentally important invertebrate that has potential for aquatic ecotoxicology, particularly in estuarine environments.

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Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), a primary approach for evaluating gene expression, requires an appropriate normalization strategy to rule out variations in gene expression among samples. The best option is to use a reference gene whose expression level is stable across various experimental conditions to compare the mRNA levels of a target gene. However, there is limited information on how the reference gene is differentially expressed at different ages (growth) in small invertebrates with notable changes such as molting. In this study, expression profiles of nine candidate reference genes from the brackish water flea, Diaphanosoma celebensis, were evaluated under diverse exposure to toxicants and according to growth. As a result, four different algorithms showed similar stabilities of genes for chemical exposures in the case of limited conditions using the same developmental stage (e.g., adult), while the results according to age showed a significantly different pattern in suite of candidate reference genes. This affected the results of genes EcRA and GST, which are involved in development and detoxification mechanisms, respectively. Our finding is the first step towards establishing a standardized real-time qRT-PCR analysis of this environmentally important invertebrate that has potential for aquatic ecotoxicology, particularly in estuarine environments.

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