Background: Population explosion remains a major cause of concern in India. Although, the country became the first to implement a national population control programme in 1952, it is yet to effectively control its population growth. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the utilization and barriers for nonutilization of contraceptives among slum resident married women of Udupi district, Karnataka, India between October 2017 to July 2018 The survey involved 323 married women aged 18-45 years. Data were generated using self-developed and validated questionnaire. Generated data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Results: The result of the study showed low utilization of contraceptives at 38.7%. Leading barriers for nonutilization are fear of side effects (65.2%), followed by desire for girl/boy child (31.3%), husbands' disapproval (25.8%), followed by 17.7% no family support (in-laws), lack of knowledge about contraceptive methods (25.3%), and lack of personal interest to use contraceptives (23.2%). The most frequently used method was tubectomy (73.6%). Copper T (14.4%) and male condom (8.0%) were predominant method among the temporary family planning methods used by the study population. Conclusions: The low contraceptive rate might be attributed by fear of side effects, desire for girl/boy child, husbands' and family (in-law) disapproval, lack of knowledge about contraceptive methods and lack of motivation to use. Education, encouragement of health education programs and involvement of the spouse and inlaws might promote contraceptive utilization in slum dwellers.
The miscibility of chitosan (CS) and starch in buffer solution (CH 3 COOH and CH 3 COONa) has been investigated by viscosity, density and refractive index methods at 303 K, 313 K, and 323 K. Various interaction parameters such as polymer-polymer and blend-solvent interaction parameters and heat of mixing have been calculated using viscosity and density data. The results indicated the existence of positive interactions in the blend polymer solutions and that they are miscible below 40% of starch compositions. The study also revealed that variation of temperature does have significant effect on the miscibility of chitosan and starch blends.
INTRODUCTIONSelf-medication is the treatment of common health problems with medicines especially designed and labeled for use without medical supervision and approved as safe and effective for such use.1 Self-medication consists of the use of manufactured or home-made drugs without a medical prescription seeking to treat symptoms or selfdiagnosed health conditions. 2Medicines for selfmedication are often called 'non-prescription' or 'over the counter' (OTC) drug.Self-medication is now increasingly being considered as a component of self-care. 3 The prevalence rates are high all over the world; up to 68% in European countries, while much higher in the developing countries 31% in India, 59% in Nepal, in Pakistan around 51%. 4 Studies revealed that there is an increase in trends of selfmedications particularly among the youth. Selfmedication is the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized illnesses or symptoms.WHO gives importance responsible self-medication, where individuals treat their ailments and conditions with medicines which are approved and available without a prescription, and which are safe and effective when used as directed. Responsible self-medication requires that, (a) Medicines used are of proven safety, quality and efficacy, (b) medicines used are indicated for conditions that are self-recognizable and for some chronic or recurrent conditions (following initial medical diagnosis). 5A cross sectional study done by Nitish Kumar el al, showed that out of 220 medical students included in the study, the prevalence of self-medication was 78.6% and ABSTRACT Background: Self-medication is the use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized symptoms and illness. It assumes a special significance among medical students as they are the future medical practitioners. Main purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of self-medication among 2nd year medical and dental students and to evaluate the factors associated with selfmedication. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of self-developed, pretested questionnaire related to various aspects of self-medication. Study population which consists of 2 nd year medical and dental students. Data was analyzed using MS-Excel and the results were expressed as frequency and percentages. Results: A total of 180 students were assessed regarding their practice about self-medication, of which 37.7 % (n=68) were males and 73.3 % (n=132) were females. The mean age of the respondents was 19-21years. Among the participants particing self-medication, majority (n=89, 49 %) followed allopathic system of medicine, followed by Homeopathic (n=39,22%) and ayurvedic system of medicine (n= 51, 28 %). Conclusions: Out of 180 respondents, the prevalence of self-medication among the study participants was 43.3% (n=78). Self-medication was proportionately more practiced by dental students. The preference pattern for self-medication was allopathy (49%), ayurveda (28%), and homeopathy (23%). 67% of the students were of the opinion that there was ...
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