Charge transport across self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) has been widely studied. Discrepancies of charge tunneling data that arise from various studies, however, call for efforts to develop new statistical analytical approaches to understand charge tunneling across SAMs. Structure-property studies on charge tunneling across SAM-based junctions have largely been through comparison of average tunneling rates and associated variance. These early moments (especially the average) are dominated by barrier width-a static property of the junction. In this work, we show that analysis of higher statistical moments (skewness and kurtosis) reveals the dynamic nature of the tunnel junction. Intramolecular Keesom (dipole-dipole) interactions dynamically fluctuate with bias as dictated by stereoelectronic limitations. Analyzing variance in the distribution of tunneling data instead of the first statistical moment (average), for a series of n-alkanethiols containing internal amide and aromatic terminal groups, we observe that the direction of dipole moments affects molecule-electrode coupling. An applied bias induces changes in the tunneling probability, affecting the distribution of tunneling paths in large-area molecular junctions.
Exploiting interfacial excess (Γ), Laplace pressure jump (ΔP), surface work, and coupling them to surface reactivity have led to the synthesis of undercooled metal particles. Metastability is maintained by a core-shell particle architecture. Fracture of the thin shell leads to solidification with concomitant sintering. Applying Scherer's constitutive model for loaddriven viscous sintering on the undercooled particles implies that they can form conductive traces. Combining metastability to eliminate heat and robustness of viscous sintering, an array of conductive metallic traces can be prepared, leading to plethora of devices on various flexible and/or heat sensitive substrates. Besides mechanical sintering, chemical sintering can be performed, which negates the need of either heat or load. In the latter, connectivity is hypothesized to occur via a Frenkel's theory of sintering type mechanism. This work reports heat-free, ambient fabrication of metallic conductive interconnects and traces on all types of substrates.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which caused an outbreak of pneumonia in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, has spread rapidly throughout the world. This ongoing pandemic has resulted over 55.6 million cases of COVID-19 leading to 1.34 million deaths in more than 188 countries. However, it has been observed that the death rate is significantly in the lower side for the SAARC countries compared to the First World Nations. In this paper, the possible factors have been represented that determine this uneven distribution of COVID-19 deaths. The significance of the factors has been presented in this paper after the data analysis of the factors from 165 different countries. Based on the correlation of the factors and their critical impact towards the concerned countries death toll, the risk index of each factor has been labeled using analytical hierarchy process (AHP)-based MCDM, i.e., multiple criteria decision-making technique. The risk index of all the factors has been used to generate the susceptibility of COVID-19 for each of the countries in study, specifically the SAARC Nations. Finally, the hierarchical clustering was applied to visualize the death toll of the countries corresponding to their susceptibility index.
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